本論文藉由分析吉爾門(Gilman)、蕭邦(Chopin)、及沃頓(Wharton)等人之代表作品，探討於美國進步年代時期，女性作家如何藉由寫作回應變遷快速之社經結構、呈現金錢為主的經濟對兩性關係所造成的影響、以及解讀當時女性在不同經濟場域中，建立並捍衛自我主體之過程。本研究理論骨架以韋伯倫對於「有閒階級」和「制式化經濟」的心理分析為主，吉爾門對公/私場域與主/客體的論點為輔，討論經濟的蓬勃發展何以造成女性之次等地位、檢閱小說中各角色之間的互動與交流，並進一步分析女性如何在抵抗或接受社會所賦予之性別角色與經濟功用之中，重新定義自我的地位與價值。

首章簡要說明小說的時代背景、論文的研究動機、韋伯倫的經濟理論、方法論、以及本論文之整體結構。第二章則由《女人與經濟》及《她鄉》兩部作品，探究吉爾門對於公私場域與女性經濟自主所作的連結。《她鄉》所建構之理想國，除了證明性別的劃分乃父權體制下社會化的結果，亦刻畫出一個無階級、無鬥爭之完美國度，正如韋伯倫所期盼之結合現代科技與勤儉人性的烏托邦。不同於吉爾門的樂觀，蕭邦和沃頓筆下生存於現實社會中之女子，必須藉直接的抵抗或是假象的妥協，在父權與資本主義結合的經濟體制下，為女性主體尋求基本的生存空間。第三章主要藉由蕭邦的代表作《覺醒》，檢視從「野蠻時期」所留存下來的觀念，如何制約男性的經濟行為，並進而養成男性物化/性化女性的習慣。誠如韋伯倫所言，消費時代的來臨，更加突顯兩性權力配置之不平等關係﹕在家，女人乃性物﹔出外，女性成為炫耀性消費型態中，宣傳男性財產與成就之最佳代言、裝飾品。第四章討論沃頓小說?堭B姻對社交女子的意義及重要性，並從《歡喜之家》和《風俗》兩本小說女主角在婚姻市場中物化自身女體的過程，詮釋展覽文化在消費社會中對女人所造成的影響。在重視外表的年代，善於製造假象和工於心計之人，不論性別、階級，皆有機會享有金錢所帶來的權利與影響力。本文結論將以上各小說女性角色作一綜合比較，也為整篇論文作一最後總結。

This dissertation examines the relationship between women and economics in American Progressive Era through the discussion of selected works by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Kate Chopin, and Edith Wharton. The authors and texts included in the study together demonstrate how women responded to the economic development and the concept of the separate spheres at the-turn-into-the-twentieth-century America. Based on Thorstein Veblen’s socio-psychological theory of the leisure class and the institutional economics and Gilman’s analysis on the sexual-economic relationship in marriage, my discussion aims to investigate the interconnection between human relationships, women’s economic values, and economic exchanges in business, focusing on the methods the three women writers employ to re/present how middle/upper-class women redefine womanhood and construct female subjectivity in an economic system that favors men.

In my introductory chapter, I explain the historical background of the period, general concepts in Veblen’s economic theory, and the motivation, methodology, and organization of the dissertation. Chapter Two, “Veblenian Workmanship and Gilman’s Woman-Made Land,” purports to cross-examine Gilman’s Women and Economics and her utopian fiction Herland, aiming to show Gilman’s optimistic view on women’s emancipation from the private to the public. In Chapter Three, “Barbarian Status of Women and Chopin’s Feminism,” I discuss by Chopin’s The Awakening the tension between women’s growing sense of an autonomous self and men’s adherence to the institutionalized habits of thought. My fourth chapter, “Conspicuous Consumption and Society Women in Edith Wharton,” is a study on the relationship between the display culture in the consumer society and woman’s role as the non-productive consumer in Edith Wharton’s The House of Mirth and The Custom of the Country. The concluding chapter, along with general comparisons of the heroines, outlines major arguments in the whole thesis.

Chinese Abstract i
English Abstract ii
Abbreviations of Works Frequently Cited iii


Chapter One
Introduction 1
I. Women’s Role and the Economic Development in the Progressive Era 5
A.The Separate Spheres 8
B. The Rise of Female Subjectivity 10
C. The Collapse of the Separate Economic Spheres 12
D. Men’s Reception of Women’s Search for Working Right13
II. Economic Criticism and Thorstein Veblen’s Institutional Economics 16
A. Thorstein Veblen and Institutional Economics 18
B. Ownership of Private Property and Conspicuous Consumption 21
C. The Origin of Subjugation 24
D. Veblen on the New Woman Movement 27
III. Methodology and Thesis Organization 28


Chapter Two
Veblenian Workmanship and Gilman’s Woman-Made Land 32
I. Workmanlike Industry vs. Predatory Business 33
II. Gilman: Economics, Evolution, and Gender 38
III. Herland: A Feminist Subversion in Utopia 43
A. Industrious Cooperation in the Machine Era 50
B. The Instinct of Workmanship and the Parental Bent 54
C. The Castrated Business Predation in Herland 57
D. Sisterhood and Parthenogenesis 62
E. Herland Economy 65
IV. Concluding Remarks 70


Chapter Three
Barbarian Status of Women and Chopin’s Feminism 72
I. The Essence of Business and Women’s Economic Status 74
II. Chopin: Local Colorists and the Extratextual Economy 77
III. The Awakening: Herstory in Ourland 80
A. Grand Isle: Ourland in Disguise 83
1. Business Traits in the Husband and Economics of the Displaying Wife 88
2. Habits of Thought and Economic Behaviors 90
B. New Orleans: the Center Stage of the Social Theater 95
1. The Habitual Comparison in Pecuniary Emulation 97
2. The Search for Female Selfhood in a Man-Made World 100
C. Psycho-Economic Values: between Mother-Woman and Artist-Woman 108
IV. Concluding Remarks 113


Chapter Four
Conspicuous Display and Society Women in Wharton’s Urban Space 116
I. Leisure, Women, and the Culture of Display 120
II. The House of Mirth: Wharton’s Portrait of a “Human” 124
A. Interdependent Economics Relation: Gender in the Marriage Market 127
B. Conspicuous Display of a Marriageable Female Body 132
C. Tableau Vivant: Microcosm of the Make-Believe System 139
D. Predatory Economy vs. Humanity 146
III. The Custom of the Country: Wharton’s Portrait of a “Businesswoman” 155
A. Performance of the Economic Object in the Make-Believe System 158
B. Marriage as a Woman’s Lifelong Business 169
C. The Old Wealth vs. the New Wealth 183
IV. Concluding Remarks 187

Chapter Five
Conclusion 191

Works Cited 204

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