多媒體串流已經是目前網路上當紅的應用之一。雖然3GPP針對此一趨勢而提出Packet-Switched Streaming (PSS)協定，但是在實際效能上卻仍然有所不足。為了提升整體網路效能， 許多研究者均將研究重心放置於第三代蜂巢式行動電話網路中的有線網路部份或無線網路部份。因此可隨網路狀態改變的適應性串流便應運而生。適應性串流透過即時通訊協定裡頭的即時傳輸控制協定回應來監測網路目前的狀態，並在適當的時候調整相關參數以避免暫存區資料的耗盡或封包遺失。

但是在端點到端點的連線上，網路效能主要是受到無線網路效能不佳所拖累。特別是無線網路容易受到干擾，再加上高移動性，無線網路的連線品質將嚴重地受到影響。在本論文中，我們將整個網路，包括有線與無線，視為一體。然後嘗試在伺服器端與客戶端之間進行頻寬預測的動作。並透過在台灣高鐵列車上的實驗證明本論文所提出的系統在實質上的效能改進。

Multimedia streaming is one of the killer applications for cellular communications. Although the 3GPP proposes the Packet-Switched Streaming (PSS) protocol to support the multimedia streaming services, the performances are still not good enough. To improve the performances, most of the researches divide the cellular networks into two parts: the wired network and the wireless network, and focus on the wireless network part. Hence the adaptive streaming was proposed. It utilizes the RTCP feedback in RTP to monitor the wireless network, and makes appropriate transmission parameters adjustments to prevent from buffer underflow and packet loss. But the overall performance may not be only limited by the wireless network part. Also, with high mobility, the link quality may be influenced severely by many factors. Hence, we will evaluate the performance of streaming services over 3G cellular networks on the train of Taiwan high speed railway in this paper and propose a mechanism to improve the performance.

Abstract vi
List of Figures viii
List of Tables xviii
Chapter 1 – Introduction 1
1-1 Background and Motivation 1
1-2 The Organization of Thesis 4
Chapter 2 – The Overviews of Related Works 5
2-1 The Evolution of Mobile Communications 5
2-2 The Description of Packet-Switched Streaming 9
2-3 The Overview of Real-time Transport Protocol 15
2-4 Mobile Positioning System 25
2-5 The Overview of Current Wireless Networks 28
2-6 Related Researches 30
Chapter 3 – The Architecture of Proposed Algorithm 37
3-1 The Experiment Architecture 37
3-2 The Bandwidth Discovery along the High Speed Railway 40
3-3 The Experiments with Client Devices Equipped GPS System 46
3-4 The Architecture of Proposed Mechanism with Prediction 54
Chapter 4 – Experiment Results 60
4-1 The Exploration of Link Quality and Best Fit Packet Size 60
4-2 Emulated H.264 Multimedia Streaming 86
Chapter 5 –Modeling and Analysis 94
5-1 Modeling of Fundamental Case 94
5-2 Modeling of Extended Case 98
5-3 Handoff Latency 100
5-4 Analysis 104
Chapter 6 – Conclusions and Future Works 107
Reference 108
Appendix 113

[1] T. Ojanpera and R. Prasad, “An Overview of Air Interface Multiple Access for IMT-2000/UMTS,” IEEE Communication Mag., vol. 36, no. 9, Sept. 1998, pp. 82–95.
[2] Chuang Hwa Telecom Company, http://www.cht.com.tw/.
[3] RFC-1889, http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1889.txt.
[4] RFC-1889, http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1889.txt.
[5] THSRC (Taiwan High Speed Rail Company), http://www.thsrc.com.tw/tw/index.htm.
[6] Gunnar Heine, “GSM Networks: Protocols, Terminology and Implementation,” Artech House Publishers, Dec. 31, 1998.
[7] Brasche, G.; Walke, B., “Concepts, services, and protocols of the new GSM phase 2+ general packet radio service,” Vol. 35, Issue 8, Aug. 1997.
[8] Molkdar, D., Featherstone, W. and Larnbotharan, S., “An overview of EGPRS: the packet data component of EDGE,” Electronics & Communication Engineering Journal, Vol. 14, Feb. 2002, pp. 21 – 38.
[9] Laurence B. Milstein, “Wideband Code Division Multiple Access,”IEEE JOURNAL ON SELECTED AREAS IN COMMUNICATIONS, VOL. 18, NO. 8, AUGUST 2000, pp. 1344 - 1354.
[10] Christopher Anderson, “GPRS and 3G Wireless Applications,” John Wiley & Sons, April 11, 2001.
[11] Miikka Lundan and Igor D.D. Curcio, ”Mobile Streaming Services in WCDMA networks,” Computers and Communications, 2005. ISCC 2005. Proceedings. 10th IEEE Symposium on, June 27 – 30, 2005, pp. 231 - 236.
[ 12] Per Fröjdh, Uwe Horn, Markus Kampmann and Anders Nohlgren, “Adaptive Streaming within the 3GPP Packet-Switched Streaming Service,” IEEE Network, March/April 2006, Vol. 20, Issue 2, pp. 34 – 40.
[ 13] RFC-1889, http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1889.txt.
[ 14] RFC-1889, http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1889.txt.
[ 15] Transparent end-to-end packet switched streaming service (PSS); Protocols and codecs (Release 6), TS 26.234 v 0.4.0, Working Draft, February 2004.
[ 16] 3rd Generation Partnership Project 2, http://www.3gpp2.org/.
[ 17] CDMA2000, http://www.cdma2000.org/.
[ 18] 3GPP Release 4, TR 21.101, http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/html-info/21101.htm.
[ 19] ISO standard 14496-12,
http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=41828
[ 20] UAProf (User-Agent Profile),
http://www.openmobilealliance.org/tech/affiliates/wap/wap-248-uaprof-20011020-a.pdf
[ 21] Telia Sonera Finland, Media Lab, ”Packet Switched Streaming Service White Paper,” November 19,2003. http://www.medialab.sonera.fi/workspace/PacketSwitchedStreamingWP.pdf
[ 22] Trevisanai, E., Vitaletti, A., "Cell-ID location technique, limits and benefits: an experimental study,” Sixth IEEE Workshop on Mobile Computing Systems and Applications, 2004, pp.51-60.
[ 23] Wylie-Green, M.P. and Wang, S.S., “Observed time difference (OTD) estimation for mobile positioning inIS-136 in the presence of BTS clock drift,” Vehicular Technology Conference, 2001. VTC 2001 Fall. IEEE VTS 54th, Vol. 4, pp. 2677 – 2681.
[ 24] T. S. Rappaport, J. H. Reed, and D. Woerner, "Positionin location using wireless communication systems on highways of the future," IEEE Communication Mag., vol. 34, pp. 33-41, Oct 1996.
[ 25] G. M. Djuknic and R. E. Richton, "Geolocation and assisted GPS," Computer, vol. 34, pp. 123-125, Feb 2001.
[ 26] Gene Cheung; Tan, W.; Yoshimura, T., “Real-time video transport optimization using streaming agent over 3G wireless networks,” Multimedia, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 7, issue 4, Aug. 2005, pp. 777 – 785.
[ 27] Margaritidis, I., Polyzos, G.C., “MobiWeb: enabling adaptive continuous media applications over 3G wireless links,” Personal Communications, IEEE, vol. 7, issue 6, Dec. 2000, pp. 36 – 41.
[ 28] Gene Cheung; Wai-Tian Tan; Yoshimura, T., “Double feedback streaming agent for real-time delivery of media over 3G wireless networks,” Multimedia, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 6, issue 2, April 2004, pp. 204 – 314.
[ 29] Fitzek, F.H.; Popovski, P.; Zorzi, M., ”A symbolic perspective on low-cost cellular and multihop WLAN interworking solutions,” Wireless Communications, IEEE, vol. 12, issue 6, Dec. 2005, pp. 4 – 10.
[ 30] Heidari, A.; Lahouti, F.; Khandani, A.K., “Enhancing Closed-Loop Wireless Systems Through Efficient Feedback Reconstruction,” Vehicular Technology, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 56, issue 5, part 2, Sept. 2007 pp. 2941 - 2953
[ 31] Joe Huang; Yao, R.Q.; Yong Bai; Szu-Wei Wang, “Performance of a mixed-traffic CDMA2000 wireless network with scalable streaming video,” Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 13, issue 10, Oct. 2003, pp. 973 – 981.
[ 32] Kyungtae Kang; Yongwoo Cho; Jinsung Cho; Shin, H., “Scheduling Scalable Multimedia Streams for 3G Cellular Broadcast and Multicast Services,” Vehicular Technology, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 56, issue 5, part 1, Sept. 2007, pp. 2655 - 2672
[ 33] De Angelis, F.; Habib, I.; Davide, F.A.M.; Naghshineh, M., “Intelligent content aware services in 3G wireless networks,” Selected Areas in Communications, IEEE Journal on, vol. 23, issue 2, Feb 2005, pp. 221 – 234.
[ 34] Farrokh, A.; Krishnamurthy, V., “Opportunistic scheduling for streaming multimedia users in high-speed downlink packet access (HSDPA),” Multimedia, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 8, issue 4, Aug. 2006, pp. 844 – 855.
[ 35] Tao Jiang; Weidong Xiang; Hsiao-Hwa Chen; Qiang Ni, “Multicast Broadcast Services Support in OFDMA-Based WiMAX Systems,” Communications Magazine, IEEE, vol. 45, issue 8, Aug. 2007, pp. 78 – 86.
[ 36] Hsiao-Chiang Chuang; ChingYao Huang; Tihao Chiang, “Content-Aware Adaptive Media Playout Controls for Wireless Video Streaming,” Multimedia, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 9, issue 6, Oct. 2007, pp. 1273 – 1283.
[ 37] Sharma, S.; Ningning Zhu; Tzi-cker Chiueh, “Low-latency mobile IP handoff for infrastructure-mode wireless LANs,” Selected Areas in Communications, IEEE Journal on, vol. 22, issue 4, May 2004, pp. 643 – 652.
[ 38] Li Ma; Fei Yu; Leung, V.C.M.; Randhawa, T., “A new method to support UMTS/WLAN vertical handover using SCTP,” Wireless Communications, IEEE, vol. 11, issue 4, Aug. 2004, pp. 44 – 51.
[ 39] Guan-Ming Su; Zhu Man; Min Wu; Liu, K.J.R., “Multiuser cross-layer resource allocation for video transmission over wireless networks,” Network, IEEE, vol. 20, issue 2, March-April 2006, pp. 21 – 27.
[ 40] Sallent, O.; Perez-Romero, J.; Agusti, R.; Casadevall, F., “Provisioning multimedia wireless networks for better QoS: RRM strategies for 3G W-CDMA,” Communications Magazine, IEEE, vol. 41, issue 2, Feb. 2003, pp. 100 – 106.
[ 41] Petre, F.; Leus, G.; Deneire, L.; Engels, M.; Moonen, M.; Hugo De Man, “Space-time block coding for single-carrier block transmission DS-CDMA downlink,” Selected Areas in Communications, IEEE Journal on, vol. 21, issue 3, April 2003, pp. 350 – 361.
[ 42] Moustafa, M.; Habib, I.; Naghshineh, M.N., “Efficient radio resource control in wireless networks,” Wireless Communications, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 3, issue 6, Nov. 2004, pp. 2385 – 2395.
[ 43] Fitzek, F.H.; Popovski, P.; Zorzi, M., “A symbolic perspective on low-cost cellular and multihop WLAN interworking solutions,” Wireless Communications, IEEE, vol. 12, issue 6, Dec. 2005, pp. 4 – 10.
[ 44] Evans, J.S., “Optimal resource allocation for pilot symbol aided multiuser receivers in Rayleigh faded CDMA channels,” Communications, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 50, issue 8, Aug. 2002, pp. 1316 – 1325.
[ 45] Heidari, A.; Lahouti, F.; Khandani, A.K., “Enhancing Closed-Loop Wireless Systems Through Efficient Feedback Reconstruction,” Vehicular Technology, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 56, issue 5, part 2, Sept. 2007, pp. 2941 – 2953.
[ 46] Gomez-Barquero, D.; Cardona, N.; Bria, A.; Zander, J., “Affordable Mobile TV Services in Hybrid Cellular and DVB-H Systems,” Network, IEEE, vol. 21, issue 2, March-April 2007, pp. 34 – 40.
[ 47] Al-Hezmi, A.; Friedrich, O.; Arbanowski, S.; Magedanz, T., “Requirements for an IMS-based Quadruple Play Service Architecture,” Network, IEEE, vol. 21, issue 2, March-April 2007, pp. 28 – 33.
[ 48] Bart Lannoo, Didier Colle, Mario Pickavet, and Piet Demeester, “Radio-over-Fiber-Based Solution to Provide Broadband Internet Access to Train Passengers”, February 2007, IEEE Communications Magazine.
[ 49] Ferrus R., Alonso L., Umbert A., Reves X., Perez-Romero J. and Casadevall F., ”Cross-layer scheduling strategy for UMTS downlink enhancement,” IEEE Communications Magazine, vo43. , issue 6, pp.24-28, 2005.
[ 50] Hai J., Weihua Z., Xuemin S., "Cross-layer design for resource allocation in 3G wireless networks and beyond, " IEEE Communications Magazine, vo43. , issue 12, 2005, pp.120-126.
[ 51] A. T Campbel A. Veres, M. Barry, and Li-Hsiang Sun, “Supporting service differentiation in wireless packet networks using distributed control,” IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications(JSAC), vol. 19, no. 10, October 2001. pp. 2081 – 2093.
[ 52] Ishizu, K.; Kuroda, M.; Harada, H., ”Bullet-train Network Architecture for Broadband and Real-time Access,” Computers and Communications, 2007. ISCC 2007. 12th IEEE Symposium on, 1-4 July 2007, pp. 241 – 248.
[ 53] Kumar, K.R.; Angolkar, P.; Das, D.; Ramalingam, R., “SWiFT: A Novel Architecture for Seamless Wireless Internet for Fast Trains,” Vehicular Technology Conference, 2008. VTC Spring 2008. IEEE, 11-14 May 2008, pp. 3011 – 3015.
[ 54] MM JSI, TJ JSI, AL JSI, R Nature, “Selection of broadband communication standard for high-speed mobile scenario,” http://www.capanina.org/documents/CAP-D09-WP21-JSI-PUB-01.pdf.