本研究首次結合氣相元素硫及液相硫化鈉兩種硫含浸技術，進行活性碳複合加硫改質，並探討改質前後活性碳之比表面積及孔隙分佈變化，且將上述加硫改質活性碳應用TGA分析技術，探討氣相氯化汞或元素汞之單質吸附容量及吸附機制。此外，也進行複合加硫改質活性碳吸附雙質氣相氯化汞及元素汞之吸附容量及吸附機制分析，並探討不同燃燒廢氣來源(含都市垃圾焚化爐及燃煤電廠)，在不同氯化汞濃度與元素汞濃度混合比例下，複合加硫改質活性碳同時對氯化汞及元素汞吸附容量及吸附機制之影響。
由活性碳加硫改質結果發現，加硫改質會提高活性碳的含硫量，但卻會降低活性碳的比表面積，且含硫量越大其比表面積降低幅度也越大。高比表面積活性碳在複合加硫改質後以大、微孔隙為主；而中、低比表面積活性碳則以大孔隙為主。由於中、大孔隙為吸附質進入微孔的主要通道，因此在吸附過程中，中、大孔隙的多寡亦會影響活性碳吸附效能。由複合加硫改質前後之活性碳化學特性分析（EDS）結果發現，複合加硫改質確實會大幅提高粉狀活性碳的含硫量，而複合加硫改質活性碳之含硫量，約為兩種單質加硫改質（硫化鈉及元素硫）活性碳含硫量之總合。
由複合加硫改質活性碳吸附單質氣相氯化汞結果得知，在相同比表面積條件下，複合加硫改質活性碳之氯化汞吸附容量隨著吸附溫度升高而增加。此結果顯示複合加硫改質活性碳吸附氯化汞，屬於化學吸附且有利於高溫吸附。此外，本研究亦發現當吸附溫度為200、300℃時，複合加硫改質活性碳之元素汞飽和吸附量比氯化汞飽和吸附量來得大。以燃煤電廠為例，氯化汞與元素汞之莫耳濃度比約為5:5，氯化汞及元素汞之單質吸附量，明顯大於雙質吸附量，其可能原因為兩種吸附質莫耳比為5:5時，吸附貫穿時間有提前之趨勢，而飽和吸附量則明顯減少，顯示氯化汞及元素汞互相競爭活化位址。以都市垃圾焚化爐為例，氯化汞與元素汞之莫耳濃度比約為6:4，都市垃圾焚化爐在吸附溫度為150、200、300℃時的汞吸附量，普遍高於燃煤電廠的汞吸附量，上述結果顯示，氯化汞扮演強吸附質，而元素汞則被視為弱吸附質，當兩者莫耳比從5:5轉變為6:4時，氯化汞濃度高於元素汞濃度，使得原來元素汞吸附位址被氯化汞佔據所致。
由熱力學分析結果得知，單質及雙質吸附氯化汞及元素汞之吸附自由能（∆G）在吸附溫度150~ 300℃時皆為負值，顯示複合加硫改質活性碳吸附氯化汞及元素汞趨向於自發性反應。而焓值（∆H）在吸附溫度150~300℃時亦皆為負值，表示複合加硫改質活性碳吸附氯化汞及元素汞屬於放熱反應。由Langmuir等溫吸附模式結果得知，隨著吸附溫度越高，qm 也越大，qm值介於33.789~98.118，故符合Langmuir 單層吸附理論；而平衡吸附常數KL值介於0.008~0.070，用於表達吸附位置之親和力或自由能量。另由Freundlich等溫吸附模式結果得知，n值均>1，顯示其為有利吸附（favorable adsorption）；此外，本實驗所使用之複合加硫改質活性碳吸附單質氯化汞或元素汞之n值範圍介於1.949~10.288，屬於良好吸附劑之範圍。

This study investigated the single and dual adsorption of mercury chloride (HgCl2) and elemental mercury (Hg0) using an innovative composite sulfur-impregnated activated carbon prepared by combining two sulfur impregnation methods with aqueous-phase sodium sulfide (Na2S) and vapor-phase elemental sulfur (S0). This study aims to prepare an innovative composite sulfur-impregnated PACs under different impregnation conditions, such as various sulfur species and impregnation temperatures, and to investigate the changes of its pore size distribution and specific surface area (SSA) before and after sulfur impregnation. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) technology was further applied to determine the saturated adsorptive capacities and adsorption mechanisms of single and dual Hg0 and/or HgCl2 adsorption.
Sulfur impregnation results indicated that, the more sulfur was impregnated, the lower SSA and pore volume of sulfur-impregnated PACs were obtained. These results showed that part of the micropores, mesopores, and even marcopores were probably plugged by sulfur species. Energy Dispersive Spectrometer (EDS) results showed that the composite sulfur impregnation process could greatly enhance the sulfur content of PACs. The sulfur content of the composite sulfur-impregnated PACs (Na2S and S0) was almost the sum of the sulfur content of two separate single sulfur-impregnated PACs (Na2S or S0). Furthermore, the higher the sulfur content of sulfurized PACs, the lower the specific surface area. However, since the mesopores and marcopores were the main channels for adsorbates entering the micropores, the amount of mesopores and marcopores could influence the saturated adsorptive capacity of PACs.
The adsorption of gas-phase HgCl2 showed that the influent concentration of HgCl2 could enhance its adsorptive capacity as the adsorption temperature increased. It suggested that the composite sulfur-impregnated PACs tended to be chemisorption and was a favorable adsorpation at elevated temperatures. In addition, when the adsorption occurs at 200-300℃, the saturated adsorptive capacity of Hg0 for the composite sulfur-impregnated PACs always exceled that of HgCl2. Using coal-fired power plant as an example, the saturated adsorptive capacity of HgCl2 or Hg0 was higher than that of dual Hg0 and HgCl2 adsorption when the molar ratio of influent HgCl2 and Hg0 was 5:5. The breakthrough time became shorter and the saturated adsorptive capacity decreased significantly, suggesting a competition between HgCl2 and Hg0 on the activated sites. Using municipal solid waste incinerator as an example, when the molar ratio of influent HgCl2 and Hg0 was 6:4, the adsorptive capacity of Hg species for coal-fired power plants was prominently lower than that of municipal solid waste incinerators at the adsorption temperatures of 150~300℃. It suggested that HgCl2 was a more competitive adsorbate than Hg0 which was tentatively replaced by HgCl2 on the adsorption sites.
Results from thermodynamic analysis showed negative ∆G for both single and dual adsorption of HgCl2 and/or Hg0 at the adsorption temperatures of 150~300℃. Experimental results confirmed the feasibility of adsorption process and the spontaneous nature for the adsorption of HgCl2 and Hg0. The negative ∆H for the adsorption HgCl2 and/or Hg0 at the adsorption temperatures of 150~300℃ suggested that the adsorption of HgCl2 and/or Hg0 was an exothermic process. The Langmuir isotherm results showed that the higher the adsorption temperatures, the greater the qm, with the qm of 33.789-98.118, and thus concurred with the theory of Langmuir isotherms. Moreover, the equilibrium adsorption constant KL ranged from 0.008 to 0.070 which highly related to the adsorption affinity or free energy. The Freundlich isotherm results showed that the value of n＞1, suggesting the adsorption of HgCl2 and/or Hg0 was favorable adsorption. The n values of 1.949-10.288 for the single adsorption of vapor-phase HgCl2 or Hg0 by the composite sulfurized activated carbon suggested that the sulfurized activated carbons were thought as good adsorbents.

審定書…………………………………………………...…..…….………… Ⅰ
誌謝…………………………………………………...…..…….…………… Ⅱ
中文摘要…………………………………………………...…..…….……… III
英文摘要…………………………………………………………………….. Ⅴ
目錄………………………………………………………….…...……….…. Ⅶ
表目錄……………………………………………………….……...…….…. Ⅹ
圖目錄…………………………………………………….……...………….. XII
符號說明…………………………………………………………………….. XVI
第一章 前言………………………………………………..……..………… 1-1
1-1研究緣起……………….………………….………..….…………... 1-1
1-2研究目的………………………………….………….…...………... 1-5
1-3研究流程…………………………………….……………………… 1-5
第二章 文獻回顧………………………………………..………..………… 2-1
2-1汞污染物之物化特性及毒害影響........………………..………….. 2-1
2-1-1汞污染物之物化特性...……………..……..…………………… 2-2
2-1-2汞污染物之毒害性影響....................………………….……….. 2-5
2-2 汞污染物之背景、來源及控制技術……...…………..…..………… 2-7
2-2-1汞污染物之來源……………...………….....………….….......... 2-8
2-2-2汞污染物之傳輸途徑……...……………......…......…………… 2-9
2-2-3汞污染物之控制技術……...……………......…......…………… 2-12
2-3活性碳之來源、種類及物化特性......………………........…..……… 2-13
2-3-2活性碳之製備來源......………………………...………….......... 2-13
2-3-2活性碳之種類..............………………………...………….......... 2-14
2-3-3活性碳之物化特性.……..………..…….…......………………... 2-16
2-4活性碳吸附重金屬之機制……...…..…………...……......………… 2-20
2-4-1活性碳吸附機制….......…………...………..………………....... 2-20
2-4-2等溫吸附曲線........................................................................2-23
2-4-3吸附滯後現象.............................................................................2-23
2-4-4加硫改質活性碳吸附含汞污染物之應用………..……..................... 2-24
2-4-5活性碳加硫改質技術……...…..………………........................... 2-27
2-5熱重分析儀技術應用………..…..……………..................................2-30
2-6等溫吸附模式（Adsorption Isotherm）.……………........................2-31
第三章 研究方法………………………………………..………………….......3-1
3-1實驗規劃設計與流程............................………....…..…………........3-1
3-2實驗材料與分析設備……………............……….……………......... 3-4
3-2-1 粉狀活性碳製備系統………………..............…............…....... 3-4
3-2-2 複合加硫改質系統..........................…..…….…............…........3-6
3-2-2-1 液相硫化鈉加硫改質系統...…….…............….................. 3-6
3-2-2-2 氣相元素硫加硫改質系統...…….…............….................. 3-6
3-2-3 儀器分析設備..........................…..…….…............…..............3-6
3-3實驗分析方法……………............……….……………..................... 3-7
3-3-1活性碳物化特性分析………………................…............…....... 3-7
3-3-2汞氣體產生器與熱重分析儀.............…............…......................3-9
3-3-3複合加硫改質活性碳吸附單質及雙質汞實驗…............…....... 3-10
3-3-4複合加硫改質活性碳熱力學分析實驗............…............…....... 3-12
第四章 結果與討論………………………………………..……………….. 4-1
4-1複合加硫改質活性碳之物化成份特性分析...……........................... 4-1
4-1-1複合加硫改質活性碳之表面外觀……....................................... 4-1
4-1-2複合加硫改質活性碳之比表面積及孔隙分佈型態................... 4-4
4-1-3複合加硫改質活性碳化學成份分析…...……............................ 4-10
4-2不同比表面積複合加硫改質活性碳吸附單質氯化汞或元素汞之效能……4-14
4-3複合加硫改質活性碳之單質氯化汞或元素汞吸附效能.................. 4-20
4-3-1不同氯化汞進流濃度之複合加硫改質活性碳吸附效能.......... 4-20
4-3-2 不同元素汞進流濃度之複合加硫改質活性碳吸附效能......... 4-23
4-4不同複合加硫改質程序之單質氯化汞與元素汞吸附效能……….. 4-28
4-4-1不同複合加硫改質程序之單質氯化汞吸附效能....................... 4-28
4-4-2不同複合加硫改質程序之單質元素汞吸附效能....................... 4-29
4-5複合與單一加硫改質活性碳之單質氯化汞或元素汞吸附效能...... 4-30
4-5-1複合與單一加硫改質之單質氯化汞吸附效能........................... 4-31
4-5-2複合與單一加硫改質之單質元素汞吸附效 能......................... 4-31
4-5-3不同加硫改質程序於每單位硫含量對汞之吸附影響………... 4-33
4-6複合加硫改質活性碳之吸附雙質氯化汞與元素汞...……............... 4-34
4-6-1氯化汞與元素汞之進流濃度－以燃煤火力發電廠進流汞莫耳濃度比為例..…4-34
4-6-2氯化汞與元素汞之進流濃度－以都市垃圾焚化爐進流汞莫耳濃度比為例..…4-38
4-6-3氯化汞與元素汞之不同莫耳比趨勢比較……………………... 4-40
4-7複合及單一加硫改質活性碳之吸附速率………………………….. 4-42
4-7-1吸附單質氯化汞之吸附速率……………………………........... 4-43
4-7-2吸附單質元素汞之吸附速率……………………………........... 4-44
4-8複合加硫改質活性碳之脫附實驗………………………………….. 4-45
4-9複合加硫改質活性碳之吸附機制探討......…....................................4-45
4-9-1複合加硫改質活性碳之熱力學分析…................……………... 4-46
4-9-2複合加硫改質活性碳之等溫吸附模式………………………... 4-49
4-9-2-1Langmuir 等溫吸附模式………………………………….. ........4-49
4-9-2-2Freundlich 等溫吸附模式…………………………............ 4-50
4-10原始活性碳吸附單質氯化汞或元素汞…………………………… 4-58
第五章 結論與建議………………….…………….………..……………… 5-1
5-1結論………………………………………………………………….. 5-1
5-2建議………………………………………………………………….. 5-4
參考文獻………………………..............................................................R-1
附錄………………………………………………………………………….. A-1

表 目 錄
表2-1 汞及其化合物之基本物理性質…........………………..………….. 2-4
表2-2 各國自然及人為污染排放源之汞排放量推估百分率…………….. 2-10
表2-3 U.S.EPA燃煤電廠汞管制標準……………………………………… 2-10
表2-4 活性碳於大孔、中孔及微孔之分佈範圍....………………..……… 2-17
表2-5 物理性吸附及化學性吸附之差異性比較………………………….. 2-22
表2-6 燃煤電廠與都市垃圾焚化廠之煙道氣之組成…....……………….. 2-27
表2-7 常見之等溫吸附模式……………………………………………….. 2-34
表3-1 廢輪胎熱裂解及活化之活性碳操作參數……………..………….. 3-5
表4-1 複合加硫改質活性碳之物理特性........………………..………….. 4-5
表4-2 複合加硫改質活性碳不同改質程序之物理特性……..………….. 4-8
表4-3 複合加硫改質活性碳鍛燒前後之物理特性…..………..………….. 4-9
表4-4 不同氯化汞進流濃度下複合加硫改質活性碳之氯化汞吸附量受 含硫量及比表面積之影響........4-16
表4-5 不同元素汞進流濃度下複合加硫改質活性碳之元素汞吸附量受 含硫量及比表面積之影響........4-16
表4-6 複合加硫改質活性碳之氯化汞吸附容量及含硫量隨吸附溫度及 氯化汞進流濃度之變化情形......4-21
表4-7 複合加硫改質活性碳之元素汞吸附容量及含硫量隨吸附溫度及元素汞進流濃度之變化情形.......4-24
表4-8 汞物種之平衡反應……………………………………....…………..4-36
表4-9 活性碳之雙質氣體吸附容量、進流濃度比例及含硫量隨吸附溫度之變化情形（以燃煤火力發電廠為例）…..4-37
表4-10 活性碳之雙質氣體吸附容量、進流濃度比例及含硫量隨吸附溫度之變化情形（以都市垃圾焚化爐為例）..……4-39
表4-11 活性碳之吸附雙質氣體容量隨不同進流濃度莫耳比變化情形…4-41
表4-12 複合加硫改質活性碳吸附氯化汞及元素汞之熱力學參數值…..4-48
表4-13 複合加硫改質活性碳吸附單質氯化汞之Langmuir 等溫吸附模式參數值……4-50
表4-14 複合加硫改質活性碳吸附單質元素汞之Langmuir 等溫吸附模式參數值……4-51
表4-15 複合加硫改質活性碳吸附單質氯化汞之Freundlich 等溫吸附模式參數值….4-54
表4-16 複合加硫改質活性碳吸附單質元素汞之Freundlich 等溫吸附模式參數值….4-55

圖 目 錄
圖1-1 本研究執行流程圖………………………………………………….. 1-7
圖 2-1十六種金屬元素揮發性分類圖…........………………..…………… 2-2
圖 2-2環境中含汞化學物種間之主要轉換及循環途徑………………….. 2-3
圖 2-3在燃煤過程中隨著溫度與區段變化之汞物種與型態轉換……….. 2-11
圖 2-4 活性碳孔隙分佈圖…………………………………………………. 2-17
圖 2-5 含氧官能基結構示意圖……………………………………………. 2-18
圖 2-6 含氮官能基………………………………………………………… 2-19
圖 2-7 五種等溫吸附曲線示意圖………………………………………… 2-24
圖 2-8 IUPAC所分類之吸附滯後現象…………………………………...... 2-25
圖2-9 活性碳對吸附質之吸附-脫附示意圖………………………………. 2-32
圖2-10 Freundlich Isotherm…………………………………………………. 2-35
圖 3-1 本研究實驗設計流程圖……………………………………………. 3-3
圖 3-2 廢輪胎熱裂解及活化之活性碳裝置示意圖……………………… 3-5
圖 3-3 複合加硫改質活性碳吸附單質及雙質汞實驗裝置示意圖……… 3-11
圖 3-4 燃煤電廠APCDs配置及溫度示意圖…………………………...,,,,,, 3-11
圖 4-1 未改質活性碳之SEM圖…………………………………………... 4-2
圖 4-2 硫化鈉液相改質活性碳之SEM圖………………………………... 4-2
圖 4-3元素硫氣相改質活性碳之SEM圖………………………………… 4-3
圖 4-4 硫化鈉及元素硫複合加硫改質活性碳之SEM圖………………... 4-3
圖 4-5 高比表面積活性碳複合加硫改質前後之孔徑分佈圖…………… 4-6
圖 4-6 中比表面積活性碳複合加硫改質前後之孔徑分佈圖……………. 4-6
圖 4-7 低比表面積活性碳複合加硫改質前後之孔徑分佈圖……………. 4-7
圖 4-8 複合加硫改質活性碳不同改質程序之孔徑分佈圖………………. 4-8
圖 4-9 複合加硫改質活性碳鍛燒前後之孔徑分佈圖……………………. 4-9
圖 4-10 未改質活性碳之化學特性分析………………………………….. 4-11
圖 4-11 液相硫化鈉改質活性碳之化學特性分析……………………….. 4-11
圖 4-12 氣相元素硫改質活性碳之化學特性分析……………………… 4-12
圖 4-13 複合加硫改質活性碳之化學特性分析………………………….. 4-12
圖 4-14 單一及複合加硫改質活性碳之含硫量變化趨勢圖……………... 4-13
圖 4-15中比表面積複合加硫改質活性碳之化學特性分析……………… 4-13
圖 4-16低比表面積複合加硫改質活性碳之化學特性分析……………… 4-14
圖 4-17氯化汞進流濃度677 μg/m3對不同比表面積複合加硫改質活性碳之吸附量變化圖………………4-17
圖 4-18氯化汞進流濃度406 μg/m3對不同比表面積複合加硫改質活性碳之吸附量變化圖………………4-17
圖 4-19氯化汞進流濃度135 μg/m3對不同比表面積複合加硫改質活性碳之吸附量變化圖………………4-18
圖 4-20元素汞進流濃度500 μg/m3對不同比表面積複合加硫改質活性碳之吸附量變化圖………………4-18
圖 4-21元素汞進流濃度300 μg/m3對不同比表面積複合加硫改質活性碳之吸附量變化圖………………4-19
圖 4-22元素汞進流濃度100 μg/m3對不同比表面積複合加硫改質活性碳之吸附量變化圖………………4-19
圖 4-23 複合加硫改質活性碳對氯化汞進流濃度及吸附溫度150℃之吸附量變化圖………………………4-21
圖 4-24 複合加硫改質活性碳對氯化汞進流濃度及吸附溫度200℃之吸附量變化圖………………………4-22
圖 4-25 複合加硫改質活性碳對氯化汞進流濃度及吸附溫度300℃之吸附量變化圖………………………4-22
圖 4-26 複合加硫改質活性碳對元素汞進流濃度及吸附溫度150℃之吸附量變化圖………………………4-24
圖 4-27 複合加硫改質活性碳對元素汞進流濃度及吸附溫度200℃之吸附量變化圖………………………4-25
圖 4-28 複合加硫改質活性碳對元素汞進流濃度及吸附溫度300℃之吸附量變化圖………………………4-25
圖 4-29 複合加硫改質活性碳對氯化汞及元素汞進流濃度及吸附溫度150℃之吸附量變化圖…………...4-26
圖 4-30 複合加硫改質活性碳對氯化汞及元素汞進流濃度及吸附溫度200℃之吸附量變化圖……………4-26
圖 4-31 複合加硫改質活性碳對氯化汞及元素汞進流濃度及吸附溫度300℃之吸附量變化圖……………4-27
圖 4-32 不同複合加硫改質程序對氯化汞之吸附量變化圖.…………….. 4-29
圖 4-33 不同複合加硫改質程序對元素汞之吸附量變化圖…………….. 4-30
圖 4-34 複合與單一加硫改質活性碳對氯化汞之吸附量變化圖……….. 4-32
圖 4-35 複合與單一加硫改質活性碳對元素汞之吸附量變化圖………... 4-32
圖 4-36不同複合加硫改質程序對每單位硫吸附汞質量之影響(a)氯化汞及(b)元素汞………….......................................................................
4-34
圖 4-37 不同溫度煙道氣之汞物種分佈曲線圖………………………….. 4-36
圖 4-38 煤中氯含量與煙道氣中氧化態汞之關係曲線圖……………….. 4-37
圖 4-39 複合加硫改質活性碳對燃煤火力發電廠混合氣體進流濃度及吸附溫度之吸附量變化圖………………………………………..
4-38
圖 4-40 複合加硫改質活性碳對都市垃圾焚化爐混合氣體進流濃度及吸附溫度之吸附量變化圖………………………………………
4-39
圖 4-41 複合加硫改質活性碳對吸附雙質氯化汞及元素汞不同莫耳比之趨勢比較………………………………………………………..
4-42
圖 4-42複合及單一加硫改質活性碳吸附單質氯化汞之吸附速率趨勢比較…………………………………………………………………..
4-43
圖 4-43複合及單一加硫改質活性碳吸附單質元素汞之吸附速率趨勢比較…………………………………………………………………..
4-45
圖 4-44複合加硫改質活性碳於TGA升溫重量損失變化圖……………... 4-46
圖 4-45複合加硫改質活性碳於150℃吸附單質氯化汞之Langmuir等溫吸附模式模擬圖…………………………………………………..
4-51
圖 4-46複合加硫改質活性碳於200℃吸附單質氯化汞之Langmuir等溫吸附模式模擬圖…………………………………………………..
4-52
圖 4-47複合加硫改質活性碳於300℃吸附單質氯化汞之Langmuir等溫吸附模式模擬圖…………………………………………………..
4-52
圖 4-48複合加硫改質活性碳於150℃吸附單質元素汞之Langmuir等溫吸附模式模擬圖…………………………………………………..
4-53
圖 4-49複合加硫改質活性碳於200℃吸附單質元素汞之Langmuir等溫吸附模式模擬圖…………………………………………………..
4-53
圖 4-50複合加硫改質活性碳於300℃吸附單質元素汞之Langmuir等溫吸附模式模擬圖…………………………………………………..
4-54
圖 4-51複合加硫改質活性碳於150℃吸附單質氯化汞之Freundlich等溫吸附模式模擬圖………………………………………………..
4-55
圖 4-52複合加硫改質活性碳於200℃吸附單質氯化汞之Freundlich等溫吸附模式模擬圖………………………………………………..
4-56
圖 4-53複合加硫改質活性碳於300℃吸附單質氯化汞之Freundlich等溫吸附模式模擬圖………………………………………………..
4-56
圖 4-54複合加硫改質活性碳於150℃吸附單質元素汞之Freundlich等溫吸附模式模擬圖………………………………………………..
4-57
圖 4-55複合加硫改質活性碳於200℃吸附單質元素汞之Freundlich等溫吸附模式模擬圖………………………………………………..
4-57
圖 4-56複合加硫改質活性碳於300℃吸附單質元素汞之Freundlich等溫吸附模式模擬圖………………………………………………..
4-58
圖 4-57原始活性碳於150℃吸附單質氯化汞之吸附效能……………….. 4-59
圖 4-58原始活性碳於150℃吸附單質元素汞之吸附效能……………….. 4-60

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