數位浮水印是近年來保護個人數位電子資料所有權中最常用的一項技術，數位浮水印是利用嵌入個人產權資訊至所購買的數位商品中來達到一個所有人權利的聲明。藉由數位浮水印的幫助，擁有者可以向法院或是公正單位來證明對商品的所有權與聲明為合法的擁有者。目前對於數位浮水印的發展已經邁入了成熟的階段，發展至今，數位浮水印機制已經成為用來保護使用者所有權與智慧財產權的一個影像處理技術。伴隨著數位浮水印技術的幫忙，擁有者的聲音或是數位影像產品都包含擁有者的版權聲明。


由於網路的電子商務交易盛行， 使用者可以透過買賣雙方浮水印協定，讓賣家可以針對商品加入買家浮水印。因此買家可以透過此方式得到具有自身產權聲明的數位內容。但對於想要交換數位商品的使用者，如何去讓使用者能夠相互交換各自的數位商品，則是另外一個重大的問題。使用者如果採用上述的買賣雙方浮水印協定機制，則是無法進行數位內容交換動作，並且使用者透過此協定則是必須付出重大的運算資源。另一方面，使用者也無法確認在交換過程中，是否雙方都可以保有公平性與效率。此外，當使用者身處於不同的環境下時，如何確保每一個使用者都能夠保有上述的公平性與效率，也是我們考慮的一大問題。

因此為了解決上述問題，我們針對不同網路環境如一般乙太網路、 P2P網路、雲端網路等進行分析並且也著手設計相關數位內容協定。一方面我們可以達到網路認證與數位商品交換功能，提供使用者確認對方身分機制。

此外我們將會分析目前在不同環路境下，使用者如何通過身分認證，並且進行在進行認證過後，能夠與另一使用者進行數位內容交換協定。除此之外，當使用者在內容交換過程中，發生不公平交易的情況時，此時使用者如何能夠透過透過
伺服器或是公正第三方進行紛爭解決並且拿到交換過後的內容。最後，對於我們所設計出來的不同網路之間的具備效率與公平性的數位內容交換協定，我們也會進行正規化的數學理論證明與效率分析，提供使用者在面臨不同網路的使用者時，可以有效率與公平性的數位內容交換機制來進行數位內容交換。

In recent years, digital watermarking technique has become the most useful method
for protecting the ownership of a user's digital content, and it can be used to verify ownership by embedding a user's digital watermark into that digital content. By showing the watermark, someone can prove legal ownership of the intelligent property on the digital content. Because of the maturity of e-commerce on the Internet, users can purchase digital content through buyer-seller watermarking protocols, and these protocols can help users to embed their watermarks into their digital content. After the transaction is terminated, users can also obtain their own digital content with the desired watermark embedded. However, when users attempt to exchange their digital content with each other over a network, it is important that a secure and efficient method be used. If users directly execute one of the above buyer-seller watermarking protocols, they will find that it cannot achieve significant transfers of digital content.

On the other hand, they cannot be guaranteed that the transaction will be fair and efficient. Besides, when users are located on different networks, it is important to understand how they can obtain a protocol that is fair and efficient.

To address these problems, we propose efficient and fair digital content exchange protocols for different networks such as Ethernets, P2P networks and cloud networks. Our proposed protocols can achieve identity authentication before performing the digital content exchange protocol, and can also maintain fair transactions between users. Finally, we also provide the formal security proofs for the proposed protocols and properties comparisons with other related schemes. Moreover, our protocols also offer solutions that are suitable for users who are located on different networks, and guarantee that digital content exchange transactions will be performed fairly and efficiently.

Contents
致謝(Acknowledgement)…………………………………………………………………………………….c
中文摘要……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..i
英文摘要…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….ii
List of Tables………………………………………………………………………………………………………..v
List of Figures……………………………………………………………………………………………………..vi
1 Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………………………1
1.1 Motivation………………………………………………………………………………………………….3
2 Related Works……………………………………………………………………………………………………5
3 Preliminaries and Assumptions………………………………………………………………………….7
3.1 Preliminaries ……………………………………………………………………………...................7
3.2 Assumptions……………………………………………………………………………………………….7
4 The Proposed Methods………………………………………………………………………………………9
4.1 Efficient Fair Content Exchange with Robust Watermark Ownership…………….9
4.1.1 The Setup Phase…………………………………………………………………………………..11
4.1.2 The Authentication and Key Agreement Phase……………………………………..11
4.1.3 The Content Exchange Phase…………………………………………………………………13
4.1.4 The Recovery Phase ………………………………………………………………………………15
4.1.5 Security Analysis ……………………………………………………………………………………16
4.1.6 Performance and Functionality comparisons………………………………………….28
4.1.7 Summary………………………………………………………………………………………………..31
4.2 P2P Fair Content Exchange with Ownership Transfer…………………………………………32
4.2.1 The Setup Phase ………………………………………………………………………………………..33
4.2.2 The Registration and Key Agreement Phase ………………………………………………34
4.2.3 The Content Exchange Phase …………………………………………………………………….36
4.2.4 The Resolution Phase ………………………………………………………………………………..40
4.2.5 Security Analysis ………………………………………………………………………………………..40
4.2.6 Performance and Functionality Comparisons……………………………………………..50
4.2.7 Summary …………………………………………………………………………………………………..51
4.3 Efficient Fair Content Exchange in Cloud Computing…………………………………………53
4.3.1 The Setup Phase………………………………………………………………………………………..55
4.3.2 The Authentication and Key Agreement Phase…………………………………………..55
4.3.3 The Content Exchange Phase …………………………………………………………………….58
4.3.4 The Dispute Resolution Phase…………………………………………………………………….59
4.3.5 Security Analysis ………………………………………………………………………………………..60
4.3.6 Performance and Functionality Comparisons …………………………………………….62
4.3.7 Summary……………………………………………………………………………………………………62
5 Concluding Remarks and Future Works………………………………………………………………. 65
6 References…………………………………………………………………………………………………………66

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