南海海域內波事件發生頻繁，是近年來海洋學者研究內波的重要地點。而南海
中的東沙環礁正好位於內波傳遞的路徑上。根據Wang(2007)等人所提出在東沙
環東北岸的20 公尺水深處的陸棚平台會有冷水現象的發生。Chen(2010)等人則
更進一步的以POM (Princeton Ocean Model) 模式模擬出此溫降現象與內波跟環
礁地形的交互作用，並模擬出內波把下層較冷的海水帶至陸棚平台上。

本研究以內波斷面水槽(12*0.5*0.7m)，佈置上下兩層淡、鹽水水體，利用重力
塌陷法製造孤立內波，模擬孤立內波傳入東沙環礁模型地形的交互作用。研究主
要著重於被孤立內波帶上平台之水體的變化，透過數位攝影機與MicroADV量
測下層水體被帶到平台上時的滯留情形與平台上水體的流速,再將流速資料透過
慣性消散法求得內波帶上之下層水體的能量消散率，最後再利用k-ε紊流模式得
到其平台上之渦流黏滯系數。

本研究另一個重點為參考Chen(2011)等人的設定，利用POM 模式來模擬內波
把冷水帶上環礁平台的現象。為了使台階上混合情形更好，進一步對模式內
Mellor-Yamada紊流閉合模式中紊流尺度的設定加以修改以增加垂直渦黏滯係數
KH，而修改後的模式其KH確實較修改前有所提升，但對於平台上的冷水擴散影
響還是有限。另外在模擬結果中也發現當內波進入平台之前，會產生一個下沉流
速並提高水體的渦度，使內波前端與下沉流速之間，水深約-6 公尺的地方產生較
大的垂直渦黏滯係數。

In the South China Sea, internal waves occur frequently, it is a site that important to
study for internal waves, because the Donsha atoll just on path of internal waves
propagate. There is a step measured a phenomenon of cooling water at depth about 20
m on the Donsha atoll northeastern side by Wang et al.(2007). Further, Chen et al.
(2010) had simulated internal waves interacting with topography of Donsha atoll by
POM (Princeton Ocean Model), and found the internal waves bringing up cold deep
water to the shallows.

This study used the flume (12*0.5*0.7m) to set two-layers fluid system, and
generating internal solitary waves by gravity-collpse to simulating the interaction of
ISW with the topography model. This experiment focus on the variation of lower
layer fluid carried on the step by ISW. A digital camera and MicroADV are used for
save image and measure velocity for lower layer fluid on the step and then used
inertial dissipation to obtain the energy dissipation by velocity. Finally, we used the
k-ε turbulent model to obtain the eddy viscosity by energy dissipation.

On the other hand, this study also simulated by POM, and the model setting refer to
Chen et al.(2011). In order to enhance the mixing on the step, we modify turbulence
scale length to increase vertical eddy viscosity KH、Km in Mellor-Yamada turbulence
closure model, and KH、Km has increased indeed after modify, but it was unobvious
that enhance mixing. Besides, in the result of simulate, we found a downward vertical
velocity before internal waves into the step, this downward velocity has increased the
vorticity at depth about 6 m on the step, and it cause KH、Km to high between internal
waves and downward velocity.

章次 頁次
謝誌………………………………………………………………………….………...i
中文摘要………………………………………………………………………………ii
英文摘要……………………………………………………………………………...iii
目錄………………………………………………………………………….………..iv
圖目錄……………………………………………………………………………...…vi
表目錄……………………………………………………………..………………....xii
符號表……………………………………………………………..………………...xiii
第一章、緒論………………………………………………………………………….1
1.1 文獻回顧……………………………………………………………………...1
1.2 研究目的……………………………………………………………………...8
第二章、實驗設計與方法…………………………………………………………….9
2.1 水槽實驗研究區域與背景介紹…………………………………………...….9
2.2 儀器與實驗配置……………………………………………………………..12
2.2.1 實驗儀器介紹………………………………………………………...12
2.2.2 實驗方法與儀器配置………………………………………………...16
2.2.3 實驗條件……………………………………………………………...18
2.2.4 實驗步驟……………………………………………………………...19
2.3 影像資料處理與分析………………………………………………………..22
2.3.1 影像曲率校正………………………………………………………...22
2.3.2 內波影像處理………………………………………………………...25
2.4 MicroADV流速資料與處理………………………………………………...30
2.5 流速資料分析…………………………………………………………….....31
2.5.1 TKE (Turbulent Kinetic Energy) 法…………………………….…....31
2.5.2 慣性消散 (inertial dissipation) 法………………………………......32
2.5.3 k- 紊流模式-渦流黏滯系數關係式……………………………........34
第三章、數值模式介紹與設定………………………………………………….….36
3.1 POM模式介紹…………………………………………………………….....36
3.2 模式設定與模擬區域………………………………………………………..37
3.3 紊流閉合模式修改………………………………………………………….39
第四章、實驗與模式模擬結果與討論……………………………………………..40
4.1 水槽實驗結果……………………………………………………………....40
4.1.1 初始波型…………………………………………………………......37
4.1.2 MicroADV資料…………………………………………………........57
4.1.3 平台上能量耗散率與渦黏滯係數………………………………......61
4.1.4 平台區域影像……………………………………………………......68
4.2 POM 模式模擬結果………………………………………………………....72
4.2.1 修改紊流尺度結果………………………………………………......72
4.2.2 內波前端對垂直渦黏滯係數影響………………………………......85
4.2.3 深海與淺海渦黏滯係數比較.........………………………………......96
第五章、結論……………………………………………………………..................99
參考文獻……………………………………………………………........................101
附錄(一) POM 模式簡介……………………………...…………….......................105
附錄(二)流速無因次化公式………………………………………….....................115
附錄(三)渦度公式…………………................……………………….....................115

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