2005年中國大陸青海湖發現野禽集體感染H5N1死亡的事件，一般認為遷移性鳥可能帶病毒並傳播禽流感。2008年至2009年本實驗室發現，有些鳥類會往返於禽場與濕地之間，其中牛背鷺與候鳥共用棲地而且活動於家禽場，是最有可能是傳遞禽流感病毒的橋樑物種。本研究的目的是以高雄大寮與路竹地區牛背鷺為對象，藉由無線電追蹤的方法，來了解非繁殖季與繁殖季牛背鷺日行為與活動模式。希望了解牛背鷺如何與其他遷移性水鳥、留鳥及家禽互動，並探討牛背鷺傳播禽流感病毒的可能性。研究結果發現，牛背鷺個體在非繁殖季或繁殖季時的平均日行為比例沒有顯著差異，但雌性與雄性有顯著的差異。在活動模式部分，不管在非繁殖季或繁殖季時，牛背鷺的活動範圍在繁殖季與非繁殖季沒有顯著差異，但在繁殖季時兩地區間有顯著差異。追蹤的11隻個體之中只有兩隻個體使用禽場比例低於67%，4隻個體使用禽場的比例是83%；4隻個體使用禽場比例是100%，並且在禽場內活動時與家禽互動頻繁。牛背鷺不論季節、地區及性別，都是以禽場當作主要活動與覓食的場所，增加了與家禽直接或間接接觸的可能。牛背鷺平均活動範圍都超過200公頃以上，加上台灣家禽場常分布密集，顯示了黃頭鷺在傳播禽流感的高風險性。

Avian influenza virus subtype H5N1 was isolated from numerous dead aquatic birds at Qinghai Lake in 2005, and wild migratory aquatic birds have been suggested as the reservoir of influenza A virus. Our laboratory revealed that wild birds used poultry farms oftentimes in 2008 to 2009. In particular, the Cattle Egret was the most possible bridge species to spread avian influenza virus. Cattle Egrets used habitats with migratory birds, but also entered poultry farms as their main area of activity. If the migratory birds infected with avian influenza virus co-habitat with Cattle Egret, it will increase the risk of spread of avian influenza virus to poultry. The aim of this study was to use radio-tracked Cattle Egrets to determine their diurnal behavior and activity patterns between non-breeding season and breeding season at Daliao and Lujhu in Kaohsiung. The interactions between Cattle Egret and migratory birds, domestic birds and poultry were investigated to determine the possibility of spread avian influenza virus by Cattle Egret. The results showed that the average proportion of diurnal behavior was not different among all bird between breeding and non-breeding seasons. The proportion of diurnal behavior between male and female were different in the two seasons. The home range was not different among all individuals between breeding and non-breeding seasons. The home range difference between Daliao and Lujhu only in the breeding seasons. Four Cattle Egrets spent 100% of the daytime, and four spent 83% of daytime in poultry farms, and two individuals spent more than 67% in the poultry farms. Cattle Egret had high proportion of time interacting with poultry. In addition, poultry farms are the main foraging and activity area for Cattle Egret. This increases the opportunity for Cattle Egret to contact with poultry. Large home range over 200 hectares and high density of poultry farms in Taiwan increase the risk of spread of influenza virus between Cattle Egret and poultry.

Contents
論文審定書 i
誌謝 ii
摘要 iii
Abstract iv
Contents v
Figure Legend vi
Table Legend vii
Introduction 1
Material and Methods 6
Results 11
Discussion 15
Literature Cited 22
Appendix 1. 46

Acquarone, C., M. Cucco and G. Malacarne. 2001 Daily and seasonal activity of moorhens studied by motion-sensitive transmitters. Waterbirds 24: 1–7.
Alexander, D. J. 2007. An overview of epidemiology of avian influenza. Vaccine 25: 5637-5644.
Ashe, J. B. 2012. Fall-winter habitat utilization of Eurasian Wigeon and American Wigeon with notes on migration and highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus. Master, Thesis, California State University, Chico, Illinois.
Boettcher, R., S. M. Haig and W. C. Bridges Jr. 1994. Behavioral patterns and nearest neighbor distances among non-breeding America avocets. The Condor 96: 973-986.
Brzorad, J. N. and A. D. Maccarone. 2013. Activity patterns of Snowy Egrets (Egretta thula) and Great Egrets (Ardea alba): a seasonal comparison. Waterbirds 36: 11-19.
Capua, I. and D. J. Alexander. 2004. Avian influenza: recent developments. Avian Pathology 33: 393-404.
Capua, I. and D. J. Alexander. 2007. Avian influenza infections in birds-a moving target. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 1: 11-18.
Chen H., G.J. Smith, S.Y. Zhang, K. Qin, J. Wang, K.S. Li, R.G. Webster, J.S. Peiris and Y. Guan. 2005. Avian flu: H5N1 virus outbreak in migratory waterfowl. Nature 436: 191-192.
Chen, H. X., H. G. Shen, X. L. LI, J. Y. Zhou, Y. Q. Hou, J. Q. Guo and J. Q. Hu. 2006. Seroprevalence and identification of influenza A virus infection from migratory wild waterfowl in China (2004-2005). Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series B-Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Public Health 53: 166–170.
Cody, M. L. 1985. Habitat Selection in Birds. Academic Press, London.
Cui, P., Y. Hou, M. Tang, H. Zhang, Y. Zhou, Z. Yin, T. Li, S. Guo, Z. Xing, Y. He, D. J. Prosser, S. H. Newman, J. Y. Takekawa, B. Yan and F. Lei. 2011. Movement patterns of Bar-headed Geese Anser indicus during breeding and post-breeding periods at Qinghai Lake, China. Journal of Ornithology 152: 83-92.
de la Paz Ducommun, M., M. A.Quiroga, A. H. Beltzer and J. A. Schnack. 2009. Diet of Cattle Egrets (Bubulcus ibis ibis) in the flood valley of the Paraná River, northern Argentina. Avian Biology Research 1: 145-151.
Douglas K.O., M.C. Lavoie, L.M. Kim, C.L. Afonso and D.L. Suarez. 2007. Isolation and genetic characterization of avian influenza viruses and a Newcastle disease virus from wild birds in Barbados: 2003-2004. Avian Diseases 51: 781-787.
DuBowy, P. J. 1996. Effects of water levels and weather on wintering herons and egrets. Sothwestern Naturalist 41: 341-347.
Ducatez, M.F., C.M. Olinger, A.A. Owoade, Z. Tarnagda, M.C. Tahita, A. Sow, S. De Landtsheer, W. Ammerlaan, J.B. Ouedraogo, A.D. Osterhaus, R.A. Fouchier and C.P. Muller. 2007. Molecular and antigenic evolution and geographical spread of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in western Africa. Journal of General Virology 88: 2297-2306.
Elfidasari, D., D. D. Solihin, R. D. Soejoedono, S. Murtini and Y. R. Noor. 2011. Serosurveillance of avian influenza virus subtype H5N1 with haemagglutination-inhibition on wild aquatic birds in Pulau Dua Serang natural reserves, Banten province. MAKARA of Science Series 15: 179-184.
Ellis, T. M., R. B. Bousfield, L. A. Bissett, K. C. Dyrting, G. S. M. Luk, S. T. Tsim, K. Sturmramirez, R. G. Webster, Y. Guan and J. S. M. Peiris. 2004. Investigation of outbreaks of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza in waterfowl and wild birds in Hong Kong in late 2002. Avian Pathology 33: 492–505.
Fereidouni, S. R., O. Werner, E. Starick, M. Beer, T. C. Harder, M. Aghakhan, H. Modirrousta, H. Amini, M. K. Moghaddam, M. H. Bozorghmehrifard, M. A. Akhavizadegan, N. Gaidet, S. H. Newman, S. Hammoumi, G. Cattoli, A. Globig, B. Hoffmann, M. E. Sehati, S. Masoodi, T. Dodman, W. Hagemeijer, S. Mousakhani and T. C. Mettenleiter. 2010. Avian influenza virus monitoring in wintering waterbirds in Iran, 2003-2007. Virology Journal 7: 43.
Gaidet, N., J. Cappelle, J. Y. Takekawa, D. J. Prosser, S. A. Iverson, D. C. Douglas, W. M. Perry, T. Mundkur and S. H. Newman. 2010. Potential spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 by wildfowl: dispersal range and rates determined from large scale-satellite telemetry. Journal of Applied Ecology 47: 1147-1157.
Gaidet, N., G. Cattoli, S. Hammoumi, S. H. Newman, W. Hagemeijer, J. Y. Takekawa, J. Cappelle, T. Dodman, T. Joannis, P. Gil, I. Monne, A. Fusaro, I. Capua, S. Manu, P. Micheloni, U. Ottosson, J. H. Mshelbwala, J. Lubroth, J. Domenech and F. Monicat. 2008. Evidence of infection by h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in healthy wild waterfowl. PloS Pathogens 4: e1000127.
Gaidet, N., S. H. Newman, W. Hagemeijer, T. Dodman, J. Cappelle, S. Hammoumi, L. De Simone and J. Y. Takekawa. 2008. Duck migration and past influenza A (H5N1) outbreak areas. Emerging infectious diseases 14: 1164-1165.
Gall-Recule, G.L., F.X. Briand, A. Schmitz, O. Guionie, P. Massin and V. Jestin. 2008. Double introduction of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus into France in early 2006. Avian Pathology 37: 15-23.
Gilbert, M., X. Xiao, J. Domenech, J. Lubroth, V. Martin and J. Slingenbergh. 2006. Anatidae migration in the Western Palaearctic and spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus. Emerging Infectious Diseases 12: 1650-1656.
Gilbert, M., S. H. Newman, J. Y. Takekawa, L. Loth, C. Biradar, D. J. Prosser, S.Balachandran, M.V. S. Rao, T. Mundkur, B. Yan, Z. Xing, Y. Hou, N. Batbayar, T. Natsagdorj, L. Hogerwerf, J. Slingenbergh and X. Xiao. 2010. Flying over an infected landscape: distribution of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 risk in south Asia and satellite tracking of wild waterfowl. EcoHealth 7: 448-458.
Griffiths, R., M. C. Double, K. Orr and R. J. G. Dawson. 1998. A DNA test to sex most birds. Molecular Ecology 7: 1071-1075.
Hachisuka, M. and T. Udagawa. 1951. Contribution to the ornithology of Formosa, Part II. Quarterly Journal of the Taiwan Museum 4: 1-180.
Hartke, K. M. and G. R. Hepp. 2004. Habitat use and preferences of breeding female Wood Ducks. Journal of Wildlife Management 68: 84-93.
Hilaluddin, J., N. Shah and T. A. Shawl. 2003. Nest site selection and breeding success by Cattle Egret and Little Egret Amroha, Uttar Pradesh, India. Waterbirds 26: 444-448.
Hilaluddin, R. Kaul, M. S. Hussain, E. Imam, J. N. Shah, F. Abbasi and T. A. Shawl. 2005. Status and distribution of breeding Cattle Egret and Little Egret in Amroha using density method. Current Science 88: 1239-1243.
Houhamdi, M. and B. Samraoui. 2008. Diurnal and nocturnal behaviour of ferruginous duck Aythya nyroca at Lac Des Oiseaux, Northern Algeria. Ardeola 55: 59-69.
Hurt, A. C., P. M. Hansbro, P. Selleck, B. Olsen, C. Minton, A. W. Hampson and I. G. Barr. 2006. Isolation of avian influenza viruses from two different transhemispheric migratory shorebird species in Australia. Archives of Virology 151: 2301-2309.
Iverson, S. A., A. Gavrilov, T. E. Katzner, J. Y. Takekawa, T. A. Miller, W. Hagemeijer, T. Mundkur, B. Sivananinthaperumal, C. C. Demattos, L. S. Ahmed and S. H. Newman. 2011. Migratory movements of waterfowl in central Asia and avian influenza emergence: sporadic transmission of H5N1 form east to west. Ibis 153:279-292.
Karoline, B., J. Poul, H. Kurt, H. Anne, K. Susanne and F. Anders. 2007. First introduction of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenze A viruses in wild and domestic birds in Denmark, Northern Europe. Virology Jorunal 4: 43-52.
Keawcharoen, J., K. V. Riel, G. V. Amerongen, T. Bestebroer, W. E. Beyer, R. V. Lavieren, A. E. M. E. Osterhaus, R. A. M. Fouchier and T. Kuiken. 2008. Wild ducks as long-distance vector of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (H5N1). Emerging Infectious Diseases 14: 600-607.
Kenward, R. E. 2001. A Manual for Wildlife Radio Tagging. Academic Press, London.
Kilpatrick, A.M., A.A. Chmura, D.W. Gibbons, R.C. Fleischer, P.P. Marra and P. Daszak. 2006. Predicting the global spread of H5N1 avian influenza. Proceedings National Academy of Sciences, USA 103: 19368-19373.
Koopmans, M., B. Wilbrink, M. Conyn, G. Natrop, H. van der Nat, H. Vennema, A. Meijer, J. van Steenbergen, R. Fouchier, A. Osterhaus and A. Bosman. 2004 Transmission of H7N7 avian influenza A virus to human beings during a large outbreak in commercial poultry farms in the Netherlands. The Lancet 363: 587-593.
Krauss, S. and R. G. Webster. 2010. Avian influenza virus surveillance and wild birds: past and present. Avian Diseases 54: 394-398.
Kushlan, J. A. and H. Hafner. 2000. Heron conservation. Academic Press, London.
Lee, Y. J., Y. K. Choi, Y. J. Kim, M. S. Song, O. M. Jeong, E. K. Lee, W. J. Jeon, W. Jeong, S. J. Joh, K. S. Chio, M. Her, M. C. Kim, A. Kim, M. J. Kim, E. Lee, T. G. Oh, H. J. Moon, D. W. Yoo, J. H. Kim, M. H. Sung, H. Poo, J. H. Kwon and C.J. Kim. 2008. Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (H5N1) in domestic poultry and relationship with migratory birds, South Korea. Emerging Infectious Diseases 14: 487-490.
Li, K. S., Y. Guan, J.Wang, G. J.D. Smith, K.M. Xu, L. Duan, A. P. Rahardjo, P. Puthavathana, C. Buranathai, T. D. Nguyen, A. T. S.Estoepangestie, A. Chaisingh, P. Auewarakul, H. T. Long, N. T. H. Hanh, R. J. Webby, L. L. M. Poon, H. Chen, K. F. Shortridge, K. Y. Yuen, R. G. Webster and J. S. M. Peiris. 2004. Genesis of a highly pathogenic and potentially pandemic H5N1 influenza virus in eastern Asia. Nature 430: 209–213.
Liu, J., H. Xiao, F. Lei, Q. Zhu, K. Qin, X.W. Zhang, X.L. Zhang, D. Zhao, G. Wang, Y. Feng, J. Ma, W. Liu, J. Wang and G.F. Gao. 2005. Highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza virus infection in migratory birds. Science 309: 1206.
Maeda, T. 2001. Patterns of bird abundance and habitat use in rice fields of Kanto Plain, central Japan. Ecological Research 16: 569-585.
McClure, H. E. 1974. Migration and Survival of Birds of Asia. US Army Medical Component, SE Asia Treaty Organization Medical Project. Bangkok, Thailand.
Melville, D.S. and K.F. Shortridge. 2006. Waterbirds Around the World. Scottish Natural Heritage, Edinburgh.
Newman, S.H., S.A. Iverson, J.Y. Takekawa, M. Gilbert, D.J. Prosser, N. Batbayar, T. Natsagdorj and D.C. Douglas. 2009. Migration of Whooper Swans and outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus in eastern Asia. Plos ONE 4: e5729.
Normile, D. 2006. Evidence points to migratory birds in H5N1 spread. Science 311:1225.
Olsen, B., V.J. Munster, A. Wallensten, J. Waldenström, A.D. Osterhaus and R.A. Fouchier. 2006. Global patterns of influenza a virus in wild birds. Science 312: 384-388.
Oyana, T.J., D. Dai and K.E. Scott. 2006. Spatiotemporal distributions of reported cases of the avian influenza H5N1 (bird flu) in Southern China in early 2004. Avian Diseases 50: 508-515.
Peiris, J. S. M., M. D. de Jong and Y. Guan. 2007. Avian influenza virus (H5N1): a threat to human health. Clinical Microbiology Reviews 20: 243-267.
Perkins, L. E. and D. E. Swayne. 2002. Pathogenicity of a Hong Kong-orgin H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus for emus, geese, duck and pigeons. Avian Diseases 46: 53-63.
Peterson, A.T., B.W. Benz and M. Papeş. 2007. Highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza: entry pathways into North America via bird migration. Plos One 28: e261.
Petrie, M. 1984. Territory size in the Moorhen (Gallinula chloropus): an outcome of RHP asymmetry between neighbours. Animal Behaviours 32: 861-870.
Petrie, S. A. and V. Petrie. 1998. Activity budget of White-faced whistling-ducks during winter and spring in northern Kwazulu-Natal, south Africa. Journal of Wildlife Management 62: 1119-1126.
Phuong, D.Q., N. T. Dung, P. H. Jörgensen, D. T. Van, D. D. Tung and J. P. Christensen. 2011. Virulence of H5N1 influenza virus in Cattle Egrets (Bubulcus ibis). Journal of Wildlife Diseases 47: 314-320.
Prosser, D. J., J. Y. Takekawa, S. H. Newman, B. Yan, D. C. Douglas, Y. Hou, Z. Xing, D. Zhang, T. Li, Y. Li, D. Zhao, W. M. Perry and E. C. Palm. 2009. Satellite-marked waterfowl reveal migratory connection between H5N1 outbreak areas in China and Mongolia. Ibis 151: 568-576.
Prosser, D. J., P. Cui, J. Y. Takekawa, M. Tang, Y. Hou, B. M. Collins, B. Yan, N. J. Hill, T. Li, Y. Li, F. Lei, S. Guo, Z. Xing and S. H. Newman. 2011. Wild bird migration across the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau: a transmission route for highly pathogenic H5N1. PLoS One 6: e17622.
Ratanakorn, P., A. Wiratsudakul, W. Wiriyarat, K. Eiamampai, A. H. Farmer, R. G. Webstar, K. Chaichoune, S. Suwanpakdee, D. Pothieng and P. Puthavathana. 2012. Satellite tracking on the flyways of Brown-Headed Gull aand their potential role in the spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus. PloS One 7: e49939.
Reif, J., P. Vorisek, K. Stastny, V. Bejcek and J. Petr. 2008. Agricultural intensification and farmland birds: new insights from a central European country. Ibis 150: 596-605.
Saad, M. D., L. S. Ahmed, M. A. Gamal-Eldein, M. K. Fouda, F. M. Khalil, S. L. Yingst, M. A. Parker and M. R. Montevillel. 2007. Possible avian influenza (H5N1) from migratory bird, Egypt. Emerging Infectious Diseases 13: 1120-1121.
Sarmaoui, F., R. Menai and B. Samraoui. 2007. Reproductive ecology of Cattle Egret (Bubulcus ibis) at Sidi Achour, north-eastern Algeria. Ostrich 78: 481-487.
Savic, V., A. Labrovic, T. A. Zelenika, M. Balenovic, S. Separovic and L. Jurinovic. 2010. Multiple introduction of Asian H5N1 avian influenza virus in Croatia by wild birds during 2005–2006 and isolation of the virus from apparently healthy black-headed gulls (Larus ridibundus). Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases 10: 915–920.
Sharah, H. A., E.A. Ali and I. D. Mohammed. 2008. The feeding behavior of the Cattle Egret, (Bubulcus ibis L.) in northeastern arid zone of Nigeria. Journal of Agriculture and Social Sciences 4: 6-12.
Sharshov, K., K. Silko, I. Sousloparov, A. Zaykovskaya, A. Shestopalov and I. Drozdov. 2010. Avian influenza (H5N1) outbreak among wild birds, Russia, 2009. Emerging Infectious Disease 16: 349-351.
Siriwardena, G. M., N. A. Calbrade and J. A. Vickery. 2008. Farmland birds and late winter food: does seed supply fail to meet demand? Ibis 150: 585-595.
Sivay, M. V., S. G. Sayfutdinova, K. A. Sharshov, A. Y. Alekseev, A. K. Yurlov, J. Runstadler and A. M. Shestopalov. 2012. Surveillance of influenza a virus in the Asian portion of Russia in 2008. Avian Diseases 56: 456-463.
Si Bachir, A., C. Barbraud, C. Cereghino and F. Santoul. 2012. Cattle Egrets Ardea ibis use human-made habitat in a newly colonized area in northern Algeria. Ostrich 83: 51-53.
Si Bachir, A., C. Barbraud, S. Doumandji and H. Hafner. 2008. Nest site selection and breeding success in an expanding species, the Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis. Ardea 96: 99–107.
Si Bachir, A., F. Ferrah, C. Barbraud, R. Céréghino and F. Santoul. 2011 The recent expansion of an avian invasive species (the Cattle Egret Ardea ibis) in Algeria. Journal of Arid Environments 75: 1232–1236.
Si Bachir, A., H. Hafner, J. N. Tourenq, S. Doumandji and S. Lek. 2001. Diet of adult Cattle Egrets Bubulcus ibis in a new North African colony (Soummam, Kabylie, Algeria): taxonomic composition and seasonal variability. Ardeola 48: 217-223.
Slavec, B., U. Krapež, J. Račnik, A. Hari, J. M. Wernig, A. Dovč, M. Zadravec, R. Lindtner-Knific, C. Marhold and O. Zorman-Rojs. 2012. Surveillance of influenza A viruses in wild birds in Slovenia from 2006 to 2010. Avian Diseases 56: 999-1005.
Springer, J. T. 1979. Some sources of bias and sampling error in radio triangulation. The Journal of Wildlife Management 43: 926-935.
Sturm-Ramirez, K. M., D. J. Hulse-Post, E. A. Govorkova, J. Humberd, P. Seiler, P. Puthavathana, C. Buranathai, T. D. Nguyen, A. Chaisingh, H. T. Long, T. S. Naipospos, H. Chen, T. M. Ellis, Y. Guan, J. S. Peiris and R. G. Webster. Are ducks contributing to the endemicity of highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza virus in Asia? Journal of Virology 79: 11269–11279.
Tang, X., G. Tian, J. Zhou and K. Yu. 1998. Isolation and identification of avian influenza viruses circulating in China. Journal of Preventive Veterinary Medicine 20: 1-5.
Tong, S., Y. Li, P. Rivailler, C. Conrardy, D. A. A. Castillo, L. M. Chen, S. Recuenco, J. A. Ellison, C. T. Davis, l. A. York, A. S. Turmelle, D. Moran, S. Gogers, M. Shi, Y. Tao, M. R. Weil, K. Tang, L. A. Rowe, S. Sammons, X. Xu, M. Frace, K. A. Lindblade, N. J. Cox, L. J. Anderson, C. E. Rupprecht and R. O. Donis. 2012. A distinct lineage of influenza A virus from bats. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, USA 109: 4269-4274.
Wallensten, A., V.J. Munster, N. Latorre-Margalef, M. Brytting, J. Elmberg, R.A. Fouchier, T. Fransson, P.D. Haemig, M. Karlsson, A. Lundkvist, A.D. Osterhaus, M. Stervander, J. Waldenström and O. Björn. 2007. Surveillance of influenza A virus in migratory waterfowl in northern Europe. Emerging Infectious Diseases 13: 404-411.
Webster, R. G., W. J. Bean, O.T. Gorman, T. M. Chamber and Y. Kawaoka. 1992. Evolution and ecology of influenza A viruses. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 56: 152-179.
White, G. C. and R.A. Garrott. 1990. Analysis of Wildlife Radio-Tracking Data. Academic Press, San Diego.
Xu, X. Y., K. Subbarao, N. J. Cox and Y. J. Guo. 1999. Genetic characterization of the pathogenic influenza A/Goose/Guangdong/1/96 (H5N1) virus: Similarity of its hemagglatinin gene to those of H5N1 viruses from the 1997 outbreaks in Hong Kong. Journal of Virology 261: 15-19.
Yamaguchi, N., J. W. Hupp, H. Higuchi, P. L. Flint and J. M. Pearce. 2010. Satellite-tracking of Northern Pintail Anas acuta during outbreaks of the H5N1 virus in Japan: implications for virus spread. Ibis 152: 262–271.
Zhou, B., L. Zhou, J. Chen, Y. Cheng and W. Xu. 2010. Diurnal time-activity budgets of wintering hooded cranes (Grus monacha) in Shengjin Lake, China. Waterbirds 33: 110-115.