隨著點對點檔案分享系統的普及，例如BitTorrent及eMule，點對點網路傳輸已經成為在網際網路上提供網路串流視訊傳輸服務的一項重要技術，研究顯示點對點網路傳輸技術可以明顯的減低視訊伺服器的網路傳輸成本。然而由於點對點網路傳輸系統中節點動態的加入與離開行為，使得點對點網路傳輸系統經常因為節點離開而造成連續的封包遺失，再加上隨著封包在節點與節點間被層層轉送，封包遺失的情況會層層累積，使得情況變得更加嚴重，這樣的現象在本文中我們把它稱作封包遺失累積問題。
為了解決節點離開所造成的連續封包遺失以及封包遺失累積問題，我們提出了一個應用於點對點網路串流視訊系統的多來源傳輸拓樸結構，並結合了正向錯誤更正技術。在所提出的多來源傳輸拓樸結構中，每一個來源僅負責傳輸一小部份的封包給接收端，如果在傳輸的過程中，有少部分的來源節點離開系統，其他的來源節點仍然能夠傳送大部分的封包給接收端，而接收端便可以利用前向錯誤更正技術將缺少或遺失的封包回復。
為了評估我們所提出來的方法，我們首先提出了一個連續時間的馬可夫鏈作為點對點網路傳輸系統中節點離開及到達的行為模型，並且以該模型為基礎，進一步的計算推導出多來源傳輸拓樸結構以及單一來源傳輸拓樸結構的封包遺失率。數學推導結果說明了為何點對點網路傳輸系統會發生封包遺失累積問題，以及我們所提出的多來源傳輸拓樸結構是如何消除封包遺失累積問題。我們也利用NS2模擬器來評估我們所提出的多來源傳輸拓樸結構的效能表現，模擬結果顯示在結合了適當的前向糾錯技術下，我們所提出的方法可以有效的克服連續封包遺失以及封包遺失累積問題，模擬結果也顯示我們所提出的方法不管在封包遺失率、端點對端點的傳輸延遲、以及影像訊號雜訊比的表現上都比PROMISE/CollectCast對點網路視訊串流系統出色。我們也實作出了一個雛型系統來驗證我們所提出的多來源傳輸拓樸結構應用在對點網路視訊串流系統的有效性。

As the success of P2P file sharing systems such as BitTorrent and eMule, P2P has become a promising technology to provide video streaming services over the Internet. The P2P technology is shown to be capable of significantly reducing the transmission overhead of video server. However, due to the dynamic nature of peers, a P2P streaming system suffers from bursty packet loss caused by peer departures. Furthermore, as the packet being forwarded peer by peer, the situation becomes worse and worse. This problem is recognized as packet loss accumulation problem.
To overcome bursty packet loss and eliminate packet loss accumulation problems caused by peer departures in P2P streaming systems, a multi-source structure combining with a distributed FEC scheme for P2P streaming systems is proposed. In the proposed structure, each peer connects to multiple parents according to the pre-specified FEC packets ensemble and each parent forwards partial streaming packets to the peer. If one or few parents fail, other parents can still provide most of remaining part of streaming packets that can be used to recover the missing packets by using packet level FEC scheme. To evaluate the performance of P2P streaming systems using the proposed multi-source structure, we first propose a Continuous-Time Markov Chain to model the arrival/departure behavior of parents in P2P systems. Based on the Markov Chain, we further derived equations to calculate packet loss probabilities for both single-source and multi-source P2P systems. The mathematical analyses show how the packet loss accumulation occurs in P2P systems and how the proposed multi-source structure eliminates packet loss accumulation problem. In addition, simulations are conducted using NS2 to evaluate the proposed multi-source structure. Simulation results verify that the proposed multi-source structure combining with an appropriate FEC protection is capable of overcoming burst packet loss and eliminating packet loss accumulation problems. The simulation results also show that the proposed multi-source structure performs better than the single-source and the PROMISE/CollectCast P2P systems in terms of packet loss, end-to-end delay, and PSNR. A prototype system is implemented to conduct a real experiment over the Internet to validate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.

中文摘要............................................................i
Abstract............................................................iii
Table of Contents...................................................v
List of Figures.....................................................vii
List of Table.......................................................xi
1.Introduction......................................................1
1.1.Delivery Technologies for Video Streaming over the Internet.....1
1.2.Peer-to-Peer Streaming Systems..................................5
1.3.Error Correction Technologies in Streaming Systems..............7
1.4.Summary.........................................................13
1.5.The Organization of the Dissertation............................14
2.Modeling Behavior of Parents in P2P Systems.......................15
3.Multi-Source P2P Live Streaming Systems...........................21
3.1.Multi-Source Structure with FEC Protection......................21
3.2.Discussion of Possible Varieties................................25
3.3.Topology Construction...........................................28
3.4.Analysis of Packet Loss Probability.............................31
3.4.1.Packet Loss Probability of a Single-Source System.............31
3.4.2.Packet Loss Probability of a Multi-Source System..............33
3.4.3.Analysis Results..............................................36
3.4.4.Discussion....................................................49
4.Performance Evaluation............................................56
4.1.Simulation Setting..............................................56
4.2.Packet Loss Probability.........................................59
4.3.Impact of Buffer Size...........................................63
4.4.End-to-End Delay................................................67
4.5.PSNR Performance................................................69
5.Real World Experiment.............................................74
5.1.Experiment Setting..............................................74
5.2.Experimental Results............................................77
5.3.Summary.........................................................78
6.Conclusions and Future Work.......................................80
6.1.Conclusions.....................................................80
6.2.Future work.....................................................81
References..........................................................xi
Publication list....................................................xviii
Journal papers......................................................xviii
Conference papers...................................................xix

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