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論文名稱 Title |
溫度、鹽度暨光照週期對於軟絲 (Sepioteuthis lessoniana Lesson, 1830) (Cephalopoda: Loliginidae)生活史初期平衡石成長輪生成的效應
Effects of temperature, salinity and photoperiod on the deposition of growth increments in statoliths of the oval squid Sepioteuthis lessoniana Lesson, 1830 (Cephalopoda: Loliginidae) during early stages |
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系所名稱 Department |
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畢業學年期 Year, semester |
語文別 Language |
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學位類別 Degree |
頁數 Number of pages |
64 |
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研究生 Author |
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指導教授 Advisor |
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召集委員 Convenor |
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口試委員 Advisory Committee |
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口試日期 Date of Exam |
2003-06-02 |
繳交日期 Date of Submission |
2003-07-29 |
關鍵字 Keywords |
微結構、平衡石、鹽度、軟絲、溫度 microstructure, Sepioteuthis lessoniana, salinity, temperature, statolith |
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統計 Statistics |
本論文已被瀏覽 5745 次,被下載 1830 次 The thesis/dissertation has been browsed 5745 times, has been downloaded 1830 times. |
中文摘要 |
頭足類在近年變成了重要的世界性海洋漁業資源。對於頭足類生物的基本生物學及族群動力學的研究將是確保此一資源得以被合理利用的唯一路徑。在台灣的歷史傳統裡,頭足類很早即是重要的漁業資源並具有相當不錯的市場價格,在台灣周圍海域所產的頭足類中以軟絲(Sepioteuthis lessoniana)的口感最為人所喜好,其單位價值亦是所有鎖管類漁獲中最高的一種,其分佈主要集中於台灣的東北部、南部沿海及澎湖附近海域。有關軟絲平衡石的研究中,過去大多是以體型較大的個體作為研究的對象,僅有少數的研究是針對幼體進行的,本研究則是利用已知確定年齡的胚胎及幼體為材料,探討溫度、鹽度、光照週期等因子對於平衡石紋路生成的影響,藉此增加對初期生活史的了解。 每年的四月到九月為東北角軟絲主要的產卵季節,竹叢被設置在沙質海床上吸引成熟的個體前來產卵,將採集到的卵串帶回實驗室中培養,當胚胎發育至第二十四期的時候(胚胎的虹膜及平衡石開始生成),這些胚胎分別被轉換至不同的溫度及鹽度條件之下培養,溫度被控制在15, 20, 25, 30 oC 四種條件下,鹽度則分為20, 25, 30, 35 o/oo 四種條件,共組成十六種不同的培養條件,從平衡石生成至幼體孵出所需要的時間隨著培養條件的不同而有所差異,孵化所需要的時間會隨著培養的溫度而有很大的變化,低溫的條件會將所需的時間增長許多,在正常的條件下(25oC,35o/oo),從平衡石出限制膚出約需要9~16天。當幼體孵出後以酒精固定保存,取出平衡石利用熱融樹脂將平衡石固定包埋於玻片上於光學顯微鏡下觀察胚胎輪的生成。雖然這些胚胎輪都可以於不同培養條件下的個體上被發現,但是輪的數量跟其培養所經歷的時間之間的關係上並沒有找出什麼關聯性。 不同條件下培養的幼體在其平衡石的型態上有所差異,其型態上的變化隨著培養的條件而有顯著的改變,在較冷的條件下培養的個體擁有較短小的鈍端比例之平衡石,而在較高溫條件下培養的個體則是擁有較長比例鈍端的平衡石。而出生時期的平衡石形狀可以藉由描繪最外層胚胎輪的輪廓來回推,根據出生時期平衡石的相對形狀,可以作為推估胚胎所經歷過的發育環境條件,可以幫忙了解初期生活史的相關環境條件。 孵出後的個體分別飼養在兩種不同的光照週期下,分別為十二小時亮十二小時暗及二十四小時亮兩種光週期,在兩種光週期下培養的個體都在平衡石上發現新生成的紋路,紋路生成的數量雖然隨著培養時間的延長而增加,輪的生成與光照週期間沒有相關性,一條新的紋路生成所需要的時間卻大於一天,一般需要兩至三天才生成一輪。在本研究中亦發現當樣本數大時,鐘型分佈的情形被發現在這些分析結果上,假設樣本數量太小時,鐘型分佈的散佈情形無法形成,易造成對標準鐘型分佈的忽視,如此會造成對於該結果使用過度簡化的解釋,使該結果流於過度主觀的判斷。然而有時候這樣的錯誤也是無法避免的,因為要取得足量的樣本數量常常是困難度的甚至是無法辦到的,不過未來在從事相關研究時仍然必須設法將樣本數提高以避免同樣的問題發生。 |
Abstract |
Cephalopods become one of the most important commercial marine resources worldwide. The knowledge of the basic biology and population dynamics of these resources is the way to ensure the resource to be utilized properly. In Taiwan, cephalopods are traditionally used and prized as foods with high market price. Sepioteuthis lessoniana is an important fishery species. Its distribution is concentrated around the northeastern and the southern coasts of Taiwan, and the Peng-Hu Island. Although there are some investigations on the statolith of the adults, studies on early stages are scarce. In this study, we use the known-age statoliths incubated in the different conditions to relate with those factors, i.e., temperature, salinity, and photoperiod, which influenced the ring formations during the embryonic and larval stages. From April to September, several clusters of bamboos, 3 ~ 4 m long, 1 ~ 2 m wide, were set on the sea bed at a depth of 16 to 20 m to attract their spawning, and the egg-strings were then transported to the laboratory. When the development of the embryo reached stage 24, iris of eyes being prominent as a colour circle and statolith being formed, they were transferred into different rearing conditions, i.e., 20, 25, 30, 35 o/oo and 15, 20, 25, 30 oC. The durations from stage 24 to hatching were different among all different rearing conditions. The statoliths were extracted and mounted in Crystal Bond thermoplastic cement for reading their growth rings. In the normal condition (25 oC and 35 o/oo), the duration from stage 24 to hatching is 9 ~ 16 days. Although the rings can be counted in each specimen, the numbers do not match between the embryonic rings and the developmental duration. Changes on the shape of the statolith were observed among different incubated conditions. The shape of the statolith at hatching had obvious differences among different embryonic developmental conditions. The statolith developed in the colder environment had smaller dorsal dome, thinner and shorter rostrum than that developed in the warmer condition. Using the shape of this embryonic ring was to be applied to measure the variation of the shape of the statolith. This is a useful tool to know the temperature factor during embryonic development by comparing with the shape of the hatchling’s statolith. After hatching, squid hatchlings were separated to incubate in two different photoperiod regimes, 12 hr: 12 hr and 24 hr constant light conditions. Squid larvae were maintained as long as possible. Although the trend which older squids have more increments on the statolith than younger squids is consistent, the slope between the increments and survival days is less than one. The time required to form one ring on the statolith is needed for more than one day. Bell-shaped distributions can be found in several analyses in this study, especially with large sample size in 25 oC at 35 o/oo. If the sample size was small, the bell-shaped distribution would be obscure. This may result in oversimplification in interpretating the result. Sometimes this kind of problem could be inevitable because collecting large enough sample size was difficult or impossible. In any validation exercise, it would be difficult to obtain data for the whole life cycle. This study indicated that the hypothesis of daily-increment for the whole life history required further verification with larger sample size and wider size ranges of the tropical squids in future. |
目次 Table of Contents |
I. Introduction 1 1.1 The roles of cephalopods in the world’s ocean 1 1.2 Sepioteuthis lessoniana 1 1.3 Length frequency analysis 3 1.4 Statolith 4 1.5 New points in this study 6 II. Materials and Methods 7 2.1 Materials 7 2.1.1 Collection of egg strings 7 2.1.2 Field specimens 8 2.2 Experimental methods 8 2.2.1 Experiment I 8 The effects of different temperatures and salinities on the hatchling’s statolith 8 2.2.2 Experiment II The effects of two different photoperiods on the larvae ring formations 9 2.3 Statolith analysis 9 2.4 Statistics 10 2.5 Detailed definitions for embryonic stages after stage 24 11 III. Results 13 3.1 The field observations 13 3.2 The hatchlings collected from the field 14 3.3 Experiment I 15 3.3.1 Survival ratio 15 3.3.2 Relationship between mantle length and total statolith legth 16 3.3.3 Embryonic rings 18 3.3.4 Changes on the microstructure of the statolith 19 3.4 Experiment II 20 3.4.1 Statolith increments during larval stage with different photoperiods 20 IV. Discussions 22 4.1 Environmental effects on early life stages 22 4.2 Morphological modification on the microstructure of the statolith 24 4.2.1 Morphological changes at the rostrum 24 4.2.2 Changes of shapes of statoliths during embryonic stages in different conditions 24 4.3 Daily ring hypothesis 25 4.4 Plasticity on statoliths 29 4.5 The acclimation of the squid 30 V. Conclusion 31 VI. Acknowledgements 33 VII. References 34 Figure 39 Table 61 |
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