鱗翅目昆蟲的多態型以雌雄二型性且雌性多態型最為常見，其中鳳蝶屬(genus Papilio)的物種皆以貝氏擬態形式存在，並常依照其翅紋功能、用途、元素圖樣等，分別被提出檢視或討論，甚至以捕食者的觀點進行研究。而大鳳蝶(Papilio memnon)雌性被認為是參與翅紋擬態中的一員，於演化及基因觀點上也常被提出討論。由前人研究得知，大鳳蝶雌性具有17 種表型，多數表型以完美擬態型式存在，且其觀點已被長期運用於教科書中，但大鳳蝶之擬態對象及完美擬態與否仍有疑慮，且從未研究者以行為實驗來驗證大鳳蝶翅紋的擬態關係。因此，本研究經由檢視博物館之大量模式標本進行翅紋及地理分析，探討其翅紋表型分布及相似程度；以行為可行性實驗得知白頭翁可適用於大鳳蝶擬態關係之捕食者，故以白頭翁測試大鳳蝶與麝鳳蝶之擬態關係，並確定前人提出之擬態關係對捕食者而言多數是不存在的；以改變元素的方式，探討若兩者關係為不完美擬態時，捕食者是依何元素作為辦識依據，結果發現翅形、尾突、及前翅上半部變異單獨調控時，均不影響捕食者行為；以野外實驗探討改變獵物密度對擬態關係穩定性及擬態對象與獵物存活率關係，結果顯示擬態者密度增加，則存活率下降，其擬態關係可能消失，而改變擬態對象結果顯示，擬雄型確實能提高存活率，但經捕食者迴避學習後，擬態雌性模式才有較好存活率。

The Batesian mimicry involving Papilionidae is often sexually dimorphic, female-limited, and polymorphic. According to the case studies based on the mimicry relationships exhibited by several North American, African and Asian Papilio species, it has been realized that the occurrence of mimetic female form correlates with relative abundance of the model. Papilio memnon is a fairly common swallowtail butterfly ranging throughout India, Sundaland and S.E. Palaeartic region. The female is extremely polymorphic with at least 17 forms being recognized and many of them often regarded perfectly mimetic with several troidine butterfly models occurring in the same distribution range. However, neither the occurrence of the so-called mimicry of this species has been questioned nor the effectiveness of the putative aposematic colouration has been tested using modern methods. Here we present a result based on an analysis of geographical correlations between possible mimetic female forms and their possible model(s) from numerous museum specimens and animal behavior experiment. The results show that: (1) There might be no prefect mimicry occurring between female P. memnon and their potential models; (2) the accurate mimicry involving the P. memnon complex may only be presented by P. lampsacus and P. oenomaus and their models; (3) the mimetic colouration (either perfect or imperfect) may have independently evolved for several times; (4) the presence or absence of hindwing tail or some specific maculation does not necessarily contribute in enhancing resemblance between P. memnon and the model(s); and (5) some elements of interactive regulation, it will affect the judgment of predator.

論文審定書 　i
誌謝 　ii
中文摘要 　iii
英文摘要 　iv
第一章　重新檢視大鳳蝶元素變異與量化分析
1.1 摘要 　1
1.2 前言 　2
1.3 材料方法 　7
1.4 結果 　8
1.5 討論 　10
第二章　大鳳蝶元素變異與量化
2.1 摘要 　13
2.2 前言 　14
2.3 材料方法 　18
2.4 結果 　20
2.5 討論 　22
第三章　以行為實驗探討大鳳蝶的擬態關係與擬態對象
3.1 摘要 　25
3.2 前言 　26
3.3 材料方法 　30
3.4 結果 　36
3.5 討論 　39
第四章　大鳳蝶完美擬態探討與捕食者判定依據
4.1 摘要 　44
4.2 前言 　45
4.3 材料方法 　47
4.4 結果 　49
4.5 討論 　51
參考文獻 　54
附錄
附表1　大鳳蝶東山族群累代飼養記錄 　100
附表2　大鳳蝶柴山族群累代飼養記錄 　103

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