此可程式增益放大器(Programmable Gain Amplifier，PGA)與其周邊電路使用TSMC 0.18m製程，主要的電路由交換電容式放大器(Switch-capacitor Amplifier)和增益控制區塊(Gain Control Block)以及帶差參考電壓電路(Bandgap Reference Circuit)所組成。
此可程式增益放大器具有下列特點：
1. 具有增益控制區塊，此電路根據CMOS影像感測器(Image Sensor)所得的信號大小與參考電壓做比較後得出可用的放大倍率，使得電路在缺少外部切換增益訊號時，仍能藉由增益控制區塊產生可用之放大倍率。
2. 摺疊式疊接運算放大器採用單端輸出(Single-End)以節省面積消耗，大擺幅的輸出級設計進一步增加了輸出擺幅(Output swing)。
3. 使用帶差參考電壓電路，可以產生與溫度、電壓無關的參考電壓值，讓增益控制單元更精準的判斷出可用的放大倍率。
可程式增益放大器電路的工作電壓為1.8V，提供1、2、4、8等四種倍率進行切換，輸入範圍為0V~0.9V、輸出範圍為0.4V~1.4V，迴轉率為251 V/us，功耗為1.82mW。

In this thesis, a programmable gain amplifier for the CMOS image sensor is implemented by using the TSMC 0.18 m process technology. The main circuit is composed of the switch-capacitor amplifier, the gain control block, the bandgap reference circuit, and the control units. The following items show the major characteristic of the proposed programmable gain amplifier：
1. A gain control block proposed. It compares the image sensor output with the reference voltage, and produces the gain control code to control the PGA's gain. By using the proposed block, the proposed PGA can operate independently without getting gain control signal from the external pin.
2. The folded cascade gain amplifier is used in the design. It uses a single-end output to save the area consumption; a larger swing output stage design further increases the output swing.
3. By using the bandgap reference circuit, it can generate a temperature coefficient voltage, which enable the gain control code to be operated more accurately
The programmable gain amplifier work in supply voltage 1.8V. It supply 1、2、4、8 times for switching. The PGA's input common mode range is 0V~0.9V, output range is 0.4V~1.4V. The slew rate is 251V/us. The power consumption is 1.82mW.

論文審定書 i
中文摘要 ii
Abstract iii
目錄 iv
圖目錄 vii
表目錄 viii
Chapter 1. 緒論 1
1.1 研究動機 1
1.2 論文架構組織 2
Chapter 2. CMOS影像感測器架構介紹 3
2.1 影像感測器 3
2.1.1. 像素陣列 4
2.1.2. 相關二次取樣電路 (Binary Search ADC) 4
2.1.3. 可程式增益放大器 6
2.1.4. 類比數位轉換器 7
Chapter 3. 目標架構設計實現 8
3.1 影像感測器之全電路架構設計 8
3.2 目標電路架構設計 11
3.3 可程式增益放大器 12
3.3.1. 摺疊式疊接運算放大器 12
3.3.2. 交換電容式放大器 17
3.4 增益控制區塊 20
3.4.1. 增益判別機制 20
3.4.2. 增益控制電路實踐 22
3.5 增益控制區塊 24
3.6 動態比較器 25
3.7 電壓穩定電路 26
3.8 帶差參考電壓電路 28
Chapter 4. 全電路佈局 31
4.1 參考電壓電路佈局圖 31
4.2 PGA單元 32
4.3 全電路佈局 33
Chapter 5. 模擬結果分析 34
5.1 摺疊式疊接放大器模擬(AC) 34
5.2 PGA各倍率模擬(AC) 35
5.3 動態比較器模擬 36
5.4 參考電壓電路模擬 37
5.4.1. 參考電壓對絕對溫度的模擬 37
5.4.2. 啟動電路模擬 37
5.5 穩壓電路模擬 38
5.6 全電路模擬 39
5.7 電路規格與比較 42
Chapter 6. 結論與未來改善 44
6.1 結論 44
6.2 未來改進方向 44
Reference 45

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