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博碩士論文 etd-0730102-185048 詳細資訊
Title page for etd-0730102-185048
論文名稱
Title
類神經網路應用於空氣品質預測之研究
Application of Artificial Neural Network on The Prediction of Ambient Air Quality
系所名稱
Department
畢業學年期
Year, semester
語文別
Language
學位類別
Degree
頁數
Number of pages
133
研究生
Author
指導教授
Advisor
召集委員
Convenor
口試委員
Advisory Committee
口試日期
Date of Exam
2002-06-14
繳交日期
Date of Submission
2002-07-30
關鍵字
Keywords
能見度、類神經網路、空氣品質、懸浮微粒
visibility, artificial neural network, air quality, PM10
統計
Statistics
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The thesis/dissertation has been browsed 5691 times, has been downloaded 8469 times.
中文摘要
高屏空品區為全台灣空氣品質最差之地區,高雄市空氣污染事件日皆為懸浮微粒及臭氧所造成,其中因懸浮微粒濃度過高所造成之事件日站日數更佔總事件日數一半以上。此外,高雄市空氣品質不良,除可藉由空氣品質指標加以判斷外,亦反映於大氣能見度不良之情形。由於能見度可被民眾感官所直接感受,因此能見度不佳時常為民眾所詬病。大氣能見度不良除受天氣型態之影響外,與空氣污染物濃度有一定程度之相關性,其中懸浮微粒之消光效應為造成能見度降低之主要因素。
本研究擬針對高雄都會區之懸浮微粒濃度及能見度,以類神經網路加以預測,本研究之目的有二:(1)針對氣象因子及空氣污染物濃度對懸浮微粒濃度及能見度之影響加以探討與分析。(2)利用類神經網路預測懸浮微粒濃度與大氣能見度,並討論類神經網路之優缺點及可能之改善方法。
懸浮微粒部份,本研究嘗試將夏季及冬季數據分開進行網路測試,藉以瞭解分季與不分季對於網路預測結果之可能影響。研究結果顯示,懸浮微粒全年不分季網路測試最佳輸入變數組合為PM10、氣壓、全天空輻射量、相對溼度、氣溫及雲量等六項,所得之網路測試結果最佳,網路測試值與實際懸浮微粒濃度間之相關係數呈高度相關(R=0.876)。而就夏、冬分季網路預測結果而言,則以夏季之網路測試結果較佳,網路測試值與實際值間呈高度相關(R=0.753),惟較不分季網路結果略低;而冬季網路測試結果最差,與實際值僅呈中度相關(R=0.553)。
能見度網路測試分為兩階段進行,第一階段(set-1 ~ set-3)網路之研究結果顯示,氣象變數中以相對溼度、氣溫、雲量影響較大,污染物方面則以PM10、O3、NO2較具影響,網路測試結果以輸入變數僅含氣象變數之組set-1最差(R=0.586),而以輸入變數含污染物濃度之set-3結果較佳,惟僅與實際值呈中度相關(R=0.633)。第二階段(set-4、set-5)針對隱藏層神經元數及輸入變數加以調整,並加入能見度作為網路輸入變數,網路測試之結果與實際值間之相關性並無提昇,但由圖形趨勢及極值、平均值等統計資料觀之,則有明顯改善之現象。
本研究最後以網路進行實際之短期預測,並以PSI及能見度分級進行試預報,結果顯示PM10不分季及夏季兩組網路之預報分級準確性為76.9%。能見度方面,以三級制及五級制預報之結果而言,第一階段之set-3正確率同為76.9%最佳。


Abstract
The air quality in Kaohsiung and Ping-Dong district is the worst in Taiwan. The air pollution episodes in Kaohsiung are attributed to high concentrations of PM10 and O3. Among them, over half of the episodes result from PM10. In addition to Pollutant Standards Index (PSI), atmospheric visibility is also an indicator of ambient air quality. Citizens always complain about the impairment of visibility because it can be visualized directly. Visibility is closely correlated to both air pollutants and meteorological condition. Extinction of visible light by fine particles is the major reason for visibility impairment.
In this study, an artificial neural network was applied to predict the concentration of PM10 and atmospheric visibility. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of meteorological factor and air pollutants on visibility and to apply artificial neural network to predict the concentration of PM10 and atmospheric visibility.
The measured PM10 data were divided into two parts (i.e. summer and winter, ) to understand whether different season affect the prediction of PM10 concentration. The modeling results showed that the optimum input variables included the PM10 concentration, atmospheric pressure, surface radiation, relative humidity, atmospheric temperature, and cloud condition. The network outputs showed high correlation with measured PM10 concentration (R=0.876) in the whole-year set. Furthermore, the prediction of summer set also showed high correlation with measured PM10 concentration (R=0.753). The winter set demonstrated the worse prediction among three sets, and showed medium correlation with measured PM10 concentration (R=0.553).
The visibility network test was conducted by two stages. The first stage (set-1~set-3) showed that relative humidity, atmospheric temperature, and cloud condition were the most important meteorological factors, while PM10, O3, and NO3 were the most important air pollutants on the prediction of atmospheric visibility. The prediction of set-1 considering only meteorological factors was the worst (R=0.586), while set-3 was the best and showed medium correlation with measured atmospheric visibility (R=0.633). The second stage (set-4 and set-5) increased the hidden neuron numbers and input variables, and added atmospheric visibility in the input variables. Although the correlation coefficients between predicted and measured data did not increase, the prediction of atmospheric visibility had significant improvement.
Finally, a short-term prediction of PM10 and atmospheric visibility was conducted and validated by the level of PSI values and atmospheric visibility. Prediction results showed that the accuracy of PM10 prediction was 76.9%, while the prediction of atmospheric visibility by set-3 network demonstrated an accuracy of 76.9%. Moreover, no significant difference of prediction was detected by using either three-level or five-level visibility systems.


目次 Table of Contents
目 錄
謝誌…………………………………………………………………..I
中文摘要…………………………………………………………….II
英文摘要…………………………………………………………….IV
目錄………………………………………………………………….VI
表目錄……………………………………………………………….IX
圖目錄……………………………………………………………….XII
第一章 前言……………………………………………………….1-1
1-1 研究緣起………………………………………………… 1-1
1-2 研究目的………………………………………………… 1-2
第二章 文獻回顧………………………………………………….2-1
2-1 高雄地區氣象及空氣品質現況描述…………………… 2-1
2-2 影響PM10及能見度之相關變數探討…………………… 2-13
2-2-1 影響PM10之變數探討…………………………… 2-13
2-2-2 影響能見度之變數探討…………………………. 2-18
2-3 不同類型預測模式探討比較…………………………… 2-20
2-3-1 傳統計量迴歸模式………………………………. 2-20
2-3-2 專家系統…………………………………………. 2-21
2-3-3 模糊邏輯理論……………………………………. 2-21
2-3-4 遺傳演算法………………………………………. 2-22
2-3-5 類神經網路………………………………………. 2-23
第三章 類神經網路原理與應用………………………………….3-1
3-1 類神經網路原理………………………………………… 3-1
3-1-1 類神經網路簡介…………………………………. 3-1
3-1-2 類神經網路模式架構……………………………. 3-3
3-1-3 類神經網路種類…………………………………. 3-6
3-2 倒傳遞類神經網路……………………………………… 3-11
3-3 類神經網路在空氣品質預測之應用…………………… 3-14
第四章 研究方法………………………………………………….4-1
4-1 數據前處理……………………………………………… 4-1
4-2 網路參數設定原則……………………………………… 4-2
4-3 最佳輸入變數組合篩選………………………………… 4-4
4-4 敏感度分析……………………………………………… 4-6
4-5 網路輸出結果判斷原則………………………………… 4-6
4-6 研究流程……………………………..…………………… 4-7
第五章 結果與討論……………………………………………….5-1
5-1 網路參數數設定……………….………………………… 5-1
5-2 懸浮微粒濃度網路訓練與測試………..………………… 5-2
5-2-1 懸浮微粒濃度網路訓練….…………………….…. 5-5
5-2-2 懸浮微粒濃度網路測試結果比較……………… 5-16
5-3 能見度網路訓練與測試……..……………………….….. 5-23
5-3-1 能見度網路訓練….………………………………. 5-24
5-3-2 網路效能改善測試….……………………………. 5-32
5-3-3 能見度網路測試結果比較………………………. 5-36
5-3-4 降雨量數據測試…………………………………. 5-43
5-4 空氣品質預報……………………………………………5-45
5-4-1 懸浮微粒濃度預報……………………………….. 5-45
5-4-2 能見度預報………………………………………... 5-52
第六章 結論與建議……………………………………………….6-1
6-1 結論……………………………………………….….…… 6-1
6-2 建議………………………………………………….….… 6-3
參考文獻………………………………………………………………7-1
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