「區域海計畫」（Regional Seas Programmes）是聯合國環境計畫（United Nations Environment Programme, UNEP）致力在區域階層，控制海洋污染以及發展管理海洋與海岸資源的支持機制。UNEP區域海計畫藉由啟動各個海區計畫而推動區域內沿海國家間就海洋環境保護的合作展開協商。經過協商後，區域海計畫普遍地偏好制定區域階層多邊公約以支撐其合作體制。至今，在UNEP支持下所發展的海區計畫已有13個，其中10個海區計畫（或曰「典型計畫」）制定了區域階層多邊公約。
與此相對的，由UNEP支持下所發展的南亞海區、東亞海區與西北太平洋海區等三個海區計畫，至今仍未制定區域階層多邊公約（或曰「非典型計畫」）。為解釋這協商結果出現的背後原因，本研究提出了兩項假說：
ㄧ、若國家間無法達成區域階層公約，相關之全球階層公約可以成為相關國家共識聚焦的出口，或解決問題的途徑；
二、國家間因衝突或政治不互信而無法進行合作。
本研究經由回顧這三個海區計畫的協商進程，分析相關國家是否對於區域合作的體制與內容意見分歧，並藉由全球階層公約作為共識聚焦的出口或解決問題的途徑，用以檢驗假說一；以及透過檢視區域內國家間的領土、海域劃界爭議或政治衝突議題，與分析國家間的政治互動是否因衝突或不互信而無法進行合作，用以檢驗假說二。
本研究發現，上述兩項假說皆可解釋南亞海區、東亞海區與西北太平洋海區等三個非典型海區計畫未能制定區域階層多邊海洋環境公約的原因。在此情況下，這三個海區計畫在短期內亦不太可能藉制定區域公約進行海洋環境議題上的合作。

Regional Seas Programmes (RSPs) are supporting mechanisms with which United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) focuses its efforts to control marine pollution and develop marine and coastal resources management on the regional level. By establishing each RSP, UNEP facilities negotiations among coastal States for cooperation on marine environment protection. In the end of those negotiations, RSPs generally favor adopting multilateral convention on regional level in order to support their respective cooperative regime. Up to these days, ten out of thirteen RSPs developed under the auspices of the UNEP have adopted regional multilateral conventions (or termed as “typical programme”).
To the contrary, three RSPs developed under the auspices of the UNEP, South Asian Seas, East Asian Seas and the Northwest Pacific Region, respectively, have not yet adopted regional multilateral conventions (or termed as “non-typical programme”). To explain the reasons of such a result accruing from negotiations, this thesis suggests two hypotheses:
I. If States fail to agree on regional-level convention, the relevant global-level convention may serve as an outlet for consensus reaching, or an approach to solving the problems;
II. Due to conflicts or political mistrust, States are incapable of entering into cooperation.
Through reviewing the negotiation processes of these three RSPs, analyzing whether there existed divergences over the regime or content of regional cooperation, and taking the global-level conventions to be the outlet for consensus reaching or approach to problem solving, this study so tested the Hypothesis I; through reviewing the conflicts between/among States within the region on territorial, maritime delimitation or political disputes, and analyzing whether such conflicts or mistrust in the political engagement contributed to non-cooperation, this study so tested the Hypothesis II.
This study found that the above-mentioned two hypotheses were all able to explain the reasons why the three “non-typical RSPs,” namely, the South Asian Seas, the East Asian Seas, and the Northwest Pacific Region, all failed to establish regional-level multilateral marine environmental convention. Under such circumstances, these three RSPs are unlikely to undertake regional cooperation on marine environmental issues in the short terms.

論文審定書 i
謝誌 iii
中文摘要 v
英文摘要 vii
目錄 ix
圖目錄 xi
表目錄 xii
縮寫與簡稱一覽表 xiii

第一章
緒論 1
第一節 研究背景與動機 1
第二節 研究問題、目的與假說 4
第三節 研究邏輯架構與章節安排 7
第四節 研究方法與限制 10
第二章 UNEP區域海計畫的相關背景資訊 15
第一節 區域海計畫之啟動與發展 15
第二節 全球階層海洋環境公約體制 32
第三節 領土主權與海域劃界紛爭對於國家間互信之衝擊 46
第四節 總結 53
第三章 南亞海區計畫 55
第一節 南亞海區計畫之內容與發展歷程 55
第二節 全球階層公約與南亞海區計畫之互動 73
第三節 南亞沿海國間的政治互動 87
第四節 總結 102
第四章 東亞海區計畫 105
第一節 東亞海區計畫之內容與發展歷程 106
第二節 全球階層公約與東亞海區計畫之互動 126
第三節 東亞海區計畫參與國間的政治互動 133
第四節 總結 161
第五章
西北太平洋海區計畫 163
第一節 西北太平洋海區計畫之內容與發展歷程 163
第二節 全球階層公約與西北太平洋海區之互動 176
第三節 西北太平洋海區計畫參與國間的政治互動 179
第四節 總結 208
第六章 結論 211
參考書目 215

壹、中文部分
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新聞報導
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余双、季諧，2014，「美媒鼓吹以印孟模式解決南海爭端 美化國際仲裁」，環球時報，2014年8月1日，可見於：http://world.huanqiu.com/exclusive/2014-08/5092720.html，上網檢視日期：2018年6月29日。
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學位論文
林建璋，2016，從國際海洋法中半閉海合作觀點論東海海域爭端之解決，國立臺灣師範大學政治學研究所博士論文。
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劉暢，2015，「印度尼西亞海洋劃界問題：現狀、特點與展望」，2015年12月9日，可見於：http://www.ciis.org.cn/chinese/2015-12/09/content_8438002.htm，上網檢視日期：2018年6月27日。

貳、英文部分

Books
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South Asia Cooperative Environment Programme. 1992. Report of the Regional Workshop on Reduction of Vulnerability to Sea Level Rise, Regional Workshop on Reduction of Vulnerability to Sea Level Rise, held in Colombo, 21-23 February 1992, available at http://www.sacep.org/pdf/Workshop-Reports/1992.02.21-Report-of-the-Regional-Workshop-on-Reduction-of-Vulnerability-to-Sea-Level-Rise.pdf (accessed 29 June 2018).
South Asia Cooperative Environment Programme. 2008. Report of the Fourth Intergovernmental Ministerial Meeting of the South Asian Seas Programme, held in Jaipur, India, 22 May 2008, available at http://www.sacep.org/pdf/IMM/2008.05.22-IMM-04-Report.pdf (accessed 29 June 2018).
South Asia Cooperative Environment Programme. 2010. Guideline Document on the Status of Conventions and Protocols in the Field of Marine Environment by SAS Countries, available at http://www.sacep.org/pdf/Reports-Technical/2010.03-Guideline-document-on-the-Status-of-Conventions-and-Protocols-in-the-Field-of-Marine-Environment-by-SAS-Countries.pdf (accessed 29 June 2018).
South Asia Cooperative Environment Programme. 2013. Report of the Fifth Intergovernmental Ministerial Meeting of the South Asian Seas Programme, held in Islamabad, Pakistan, 4-5 December 2013, available at http://www.sacep.org/pdf/IMM/2013.12.05-IMM-05-Report.pdf (accessed 29 June 2018).
United Nations Environment Programme and South Asia Cooperative Environment Programme. 1997. Report of the Regional Workshop on Strengthening Legal and Institutional Arrangements for Implementing Major Environmental Conventions in South Asia, available at http://www.sacep.org/pdf/Workshop-Reports/1997.04.01-06-Report-of-the-Regional-Workshop-on-Strengthening-Legal-and-Institutional-Arrangements-for-Implementing-Major-Env-Conventions-in-SA.pdf (accessed 25 June 2018).



United Nations Environment Programme and South Asia Cooperative Environment Programme. 1997. Report of the Workshop, Workshop on Implementation of the Global Programme of Action for the Protection of the Marine Environment form Land-based Activities in the South Asian Seas Region, 20-23 October 1997, available at http://www.sacep.org/pdf/Workshop-Reports/1997.10.20-Report-of-the-Workshop-on-Implementation-of-the-GPA-for-the-Protection-of-the-Marine-Environment-from-LB-Activities-in-the-SAS-Region.pdf (accessed 29 June 2018).
United Nations Environment Programme. 1986. Legal Aspects to the South Asian Seas Regional Programme, UNEP/WG.153/5 (30 October 1986), available at http://www.sacep.org/pdf/Reports-Technical/1986.12.01-Legal-Aspects-of-the-SAS-Regional-Programme.pdf (accessed 29 June 2018).
United Nations Environment Programme. 1987. Report of Second Meeting of National Focal Points on the Development of an Action Plan for the Protection and Management of the South Asian Seas Region, held in Bangkok, 7-11 December 1987, UNEP(OCA)/SAS WG.1/7 (24 December 1987), available at http://www.sacep.org/pdf/Reports-Technical/1987.12.07-2nd-Meeting-of-NFPs-on-the-development-of-AP-for-protection-and-management-of-SAS-Region.pdf (accessed 29 June 2018).
United Nations Environment Programme. 1990. Report of the Meeting, Meeting of Legal and Technical Experts to Review the Proposed Legal Framework of the Action Plan for the South Asian Seas Region, held in Bangkok, 5-8 February 1990, UNEP/SAS/LWG.1/7 (26 February 1990), available at http://www.sacep.org/pdf/Reports-Technical/1990.02.05-Meeting-of-legal-and-technical-experts-to-review-proposed-legal-framework-of-AP-of-SAS-Region.pdf (accessed 29 June 2018).
East Asian Seas
Action Plan for the Protection and Development of the Marine and Coastal Areas of the East Asian Region. 1981. adopted on 29 April 1981, UNEP Regional Seas Reports and Studies, No. 24, available at http://www.cobsea.org/documents/action_plan/ActionPlan1983.pdf (accessed 25 June 2018).
Action Plan for the Protection and Sustainable Development of the Marine and Coastal Areas of the East Asian Region. 1994. adopted on 27 October 1994, available at http://www.cobsea.org/documents/action_plan/ActionPlan1994.pdf (accessed 25 June 2018).
 Coordinating Body on the Seas of East Asia. 1986. Report of the Fifth Meeting of the Coordinating Body on the Seas of East Asia, held in Singapore, 25-26 April 1986, available at http://www.cobsea.org/documents/report_meeting/COBSEA5.PDF (accessed 26 June 2018).
Coordinating Body on the Seas of East Asia. 1987. Report of the Sixth Meeting of the Coordinating Body on the Seas of East Asia, held in Bangaok, Thailand, 27-29 April 1987, available at http://www.cobsea.org/documents/report_meeting/COBSEA6.PDF (accessed 26 June 2018).


Coordinating Body on the Seas of East Asia. 1988. Report of the Seventh Meeting of the Coordinating Body on the Seas of East Asia, held in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, 17-19 July 1988, available at http://www.cobsea.org/documents/report_meeting/COBSEA7.PDF (accessed 26 June 2018).
Coordinating Body on the Seas of East Asia. 1989. Report of the Eighth Meeting of the Coordinating Body on the Seas of East Asia, in Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam, 14-16 June 1989, available at http://www.cobsea.org/documents/report_meeting/COBSEA8.PDF (accessed 26 June 2018).
Coordinating Body on the Seas of East Asia. 1991. Report of the Ninth Meeting of the Coordinating Body on the Seas of East Asia, in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 13-15 November 1991, available at http://www.cobsea.org/documents/report_meeting/COBSEA9.PDF (accessed 26 June 2018).
Coordinating Body on the Seas of East Asia. 1993. Report of the Tenth Meeting of the Coordinating Body on the Seas of East Asia, held in Bangkok, Thailand, 9-10 July 1993, available at http://www.cobsea.org/documents/report_meeting/COBSEA10.PDF (accessed 26 June 2018).
Coordinating Body on the Seas of East Asia. 1994. COBSEA, Report of the Eleventh Meeting of the Coordinating Body on the Seas of East Asia, held in Bangkok, Thailand, 28-29 October 1994, available at http://www.cobsea.org/documents/report_meeting/COBSEA11.PDF (assessed 26 June 2018).
South China Sea Project. “Project Background,” available at http://www.unepscs.org/Project_Background.html (accessed 28 June 2018).
UNEP/GEF South China Sea Project Document. available at http://www.unepscs.org/remository/startdown/381.html (accessed 28 June 2018).
The Northwest Pacific Region
Action Plan for the Protection, Management and Development of the Marine and Coastal Environment of the Northwest Pacific Region. 1994. adopted on 14 September 1994, available at http://www.nowpap.org/data/ACTION PLAN.pdf (accessed 25 June 2018).
United Nations Environment Programme. 1994. Report of the Meeting, First Intergovernmental Meeting on the Northwest Pacific Action Plan, held in Seoul, 14 September 1994, available at http://www.nowpap.org/data/IGM1 report.pdf (accessed 29 June 2018).
United Nations Environment Programme. 1996. Report of the Meeting, Second Intergovernmental Meeting on the Northwest Pacific Action Plan, held in Tokyo, 20 November 1996, available at http://www.nowpap.org/data/IGM2 report.pdf (accessed on 29 June 2018).
United Nations Environment Programme. 2000. Report of the Meeting, Sixth Intergovernmental Meeting on the Northwest Pacific Action Plan, held in Tokyo, Japan, 5-6 December 2000, available at http://www.nowpap.org/data/IGM6 Report.pdf (accessed 29 June 2018).
Other Regional Seas Programmes Documents
Action Plan for Mediterranean. 1975. adopted on 4 February 1975, available at http://195.97.36.231/dbases/webdocs/BCP/MAPPhaseI_eng.pdf (accessed 27 March 2016), downloaded and on file with the author.
Action Plan for the Protection of the Marine Environment and the Sustainable Development of the Coastal Areas of the Mediterranean. 1995. adopted on 10 June 1995, available at https://iea.uoregon.edu/treaty-text/1995-phase2-1975-mediterraneanactionplanentxt (accessed 10 August 2018).
Convention for the Protection of the Mediterranean Sea against Pollution (with Annex and Protocols for the Prevention of Pollution of the Mediterranean Sea by Dumping from Ships and Aircraft and Protocol concerning Cooperation in Combating Pollution of the Mediterranean Sea by Oil and Other Harmful Substances in Cases of Emergency). 1976. adopted on 16 February 1976, entered into force on 12 February 1978, United Nations Treaty Series, Vol. 1102, No. 16908, p. 45, available at https://treaties.un.org/Pages/showDetails.aspx?objid=08000002800f6a1c (accessed on 25 June 2018).
Convention on the Protection of the Marine Environment of the Baltic Sea Area. 1974. adopted on 22 March 1974, entered into force on 3 May 1980, United Nations Treaty Series, Vol. 1507, No. 25986, p. 168, available at https://treaties.un.org/Pages/showDetails.aspx?objid=08000002800c7b26 (accessed on 25 June 2018).
South Asia Cooperative Environment Programme Information
South Asia Cooperative Environment Programme. “1983-1994,” available at http://www.sacep.org/?p=3439 (accessed 29 June 2018).
South Asia Cooperative Environment Programme. “1995-2004,” available at http://www.sacep.org/?p=3441 (accessed 29 June 2018).
South Asia Cooperative Environment Programme. “A Scoping Study of Nutrient Pollution on the Coastal and Marine Systems of South Asia,” available at http://www.sacep.org/?p=2414 (accessed 29 June 2018).
South Asia Cooperative Environment Programme. “Development of a Marine and Coastal Biodiversity Strategy for the South Asian Seas Region,” available at http://www.sacep.org/?p=2412 (accessed 29 June 2018).
South Asia Cooperative Environment Programme. “Inter-governmental Meeting of Ministers (IMM) of the South Asian Seas Programme (SASP),” available at http://www.sacep.org/?p=3432 (accessed 29 June 2018)
South Asia Cooperative Environment Programme. “Milestones,” available at http://www.sacep.org/?page_id=761 (accessed 29 June 2018).
South Asia Cooperative Environment Programme. “Regional Oil Spill Contingency Plan in South Asian Region,” available at http://www.sacep.org/?p=2404 (accessed 29 June 2018).
South Asia Cooperative Environment Programme. “Regional Strategy and Task Force on Ballast Water Management South Asia,” available at http://www.sacep.org/?p=2409 (accessed 29 June 2018).
South Asia Cooperative Environment Programme. “South Asia Coral Reef Task Force,” available at http://www.sacep.org/?p=2666 (accessed 29 June 2018).
South Asia Cooperative Environment Programme. “What we do,” available at http://www.sacep.org/?page_id=781 (accessed 29 June 2018).
South Asia Cooperative Environment Programme. 1988. Report of the Forth Governing Council Meeting of South Asia Cooperation Environment Programme, 25-26 April 1988, held in Kabul, Afghanistan, available at http://www.sacep.org/pdf/Reports-GC-SACEP/1988.04.25-26-GC_04_Report.pdf (accessed 29 June 2018).
South Asia Cooperative Environment Programme. 1988. SACEP Newsletter, June 1988, Vol. 7, available at http://www.sacep.org/pdf/Pub-SACEP-News-Letters/1988.06-SACEP-News-Letter-Vol7.pdf (accessed 29 June 2018).
South Asia Cooperative Environment Programme. 1988. SACEP Newsletter, December 1988, Vol. 8, available at http://www.sacep.org/pdf/Pub-SACEP-News-Letters/1988.09-SACEP-News-Letter-Vol8.pdf (accessed 29 June 2018).
South Asia Cooperative Environment Programme. 1988. SACEP Newsletter, December 1988, Vol. 9, available at http://www.sacep.org/pdf/Pub-SACEP-News-Letters/1988.12-SACEP-News-Letter-Vol9.pdf (accessed 29 June 2018).
South Asia Cooperative Environment Programme. 1989. SACEP Newsletter, September 1989, Vol. 10, available athttp://www.sacep.org/pdf/Pub-SACEP-News-Letters/1989.09-SACEP-News-Letter-Vol10.pdf (accessed 29 June 2018).
South Asia Cooperative Environment Programme. 1994. SACEP Newsletter, December 1994, Vol. 18, available at http://www.sacep.org/pdf/Pub-SACEP-News-Letters/1994.12-SACEP-News-Letter-Vol18.pdf (accessed 29 June 2018).
South Asia Cooperative Environment Programme. 2001. South Asian Seas-the Newsletter of the South Asian Seas (SAS) Programme, Vol. 1, Issues. 1, May 2001, available at http://www.sacep.org/pdf/Pub-SACEP-News-Letters/2001.05-News-Letter-SASP-Vol1.pdf (accessed 29 June 2018).
The Meeting of Ministers to Initiate the South Asia Cooperative Environment Programme. 1981. The Colombo Declaration on the South Asia Cooperative Environment Programme, adopted on 25 February 1981, available at http://www.sacep.org/pdf/Declarations/07.The-Colombo-Declaration-on-SACEP-25-January-1981.pdf (accessed 29 June 2018).

Permanent Court of Arbitration Information
Permanent Court of Arbitration. “Indus Waters Kishenganga Arbitration (Pakistan v. India),” available at https://pcacases.com/web/view/20 (accessed 29 June 2018).
Permanent Court of Arbitration. 2013. Final Award-In the Matter of the Indus Waters Kishengenga Arbitration before the Court of Arbitration Constituted in Accordance with the Indus Waters Treaty 1960 between the Government of India and the Government of Pakistan Signed on September 1960 between the Islamic Republic of Pakistan and the Republic of India, 20 December 2013, available at https://pcacases.com/web/sendAttach/48 (accessed 29 June 2018).


Permanent Court of Arbitration. 2014. Award-In the Matter of the Bay of Bengal Maritime Arbitration between The People’s Republic of Bangladesh and The Republic of India, 7 July 2014, available at https://pcacases.com/web/sendAttach/383 (accessed 29 June 2018).
International Court of Justice Information
International Court of Justice. 1962. Case concern Temple of Preah Vihear (Cambodia v. Thailand): Judge (Merits), 15 June 1962, available at http://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/45/12821.pdf (accessed 28 June 2018).
International Court of Justice. 2002. Case concerning Sovereignty over Pulau Ligitan and Pulau Sipadan (Indonesia/Malaysia): Judgment of 17 December 2002, available at http://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/102/7714.pdf (accessed 27 June 2018).
International Court of Justice. 2008. Case concerning Sovereignty over Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu Puteh, Middle Rocks and South Ledge (Malaysia/Singapore): Judge of 23 May 2008, available at http://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/130/14492.pdf (accessed 27 June 2018).
International Court of Justice. 2017. Malaysia requests a revision of the Judgment of 23 May 2008, in which the Court found, inter alia, that sovereignty over the island of Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu Puteh belongs to Singapore, 3 February 2017, available at http://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/167/19344.pdf (accessed 29 June 2018).
International Court of Justice. 2018. Order-Application for Revision of the Judgement of 23 May 2008 in the Case concerning Sovereignty over Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu Puteh, Middle Rocks and South Ledge (Malaysia/Singapore), 29 May 2018, available at http://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/167/167-20180529-ORD-01-00-EN.pdf (accessed 29 June 2018).
Special Agreement for Submission to the International Court of Justice of the Dispute between Indonesia and Malaysia concerning Sovereignty over Pulau Ligitan and Pulau Sipadan. 1997. adopted on 31 May 1997, jointly notified to the Court on 2 November 1998, available at http://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/102/7177.pdf (accessed 27 June 2018).
Special Agreement for Submission to the International Court of Justice of the Dispute between Malaysia and Singapore concerning Sovereignty over Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu Puteh, Middle Rocks and South Ledge. 1988. adopted on 14 April 1998, available at http://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/130/1785.pdf (accessed 27 June 2018).
International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea Information
International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea. 2003. Case concerning Land Reclamation by Singapore in and around the Straits of Johor (Malaysia v. Singapore): Order of 8 October 2003, available at https://www.itlos.org/fileadmin/itlos/documents/cases/case_no_12/12_order_100903_en.pdf (accessed 27 June 2018).


International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea. 2003. In the Dispute concerning Land Reclamation by Singapore Impinging upon Malaysia’s Rights in and around the Straits of Johor Inclusive of the Areas Around Point 20 (Malaysia v. Singapore): Request for Provisional Measures, 4 September 2003, available at https://www.itlos.org/fileadmin/itlos/documents/cases/case_no_12/request_malaysia_eng.1.pdf (accessed 27 June 2018).
United States Department of State Official Reports
United States Department of State. 1975. Historic Water Boundary: India-Sri Lanka, Limits in the Seas, No. 66, available at http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/61460.pdf (accessed 29 June 2018).
United States Department of State. 1977. Continental Shelf Boundary and Joint Development Zone: Japan-Republic of Korea, Limits in the Sea, No. 75 (1977), available at https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/59588.pdf (accessed 29 June 2018).
United States Department of State. 1978. Maritime Boundaries: India-Sri Lanka, Limits in the Seas, No. 77, available at http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/58833.pdf (accessed 29 June 2018).
United States Department of State. 1978. Maritime Zones of Northeast Asia, 2 February 1978, available at https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP08C01297R000200130003-5.pdf (accessed 29 June 2018).
United States Department of State. 1978. Straight Baselines: People’s Republic of China, Limits in the Seas, No. 43 (1978), available at https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/58832.pdf (accessed 29 June 2018).
United States Department of State. 1979. Straight Baselines: Republic of Korea, Limits in the Seas, No. 82, available at https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/59576.pdf (accessed 29 June 2018).
United States Department of State. 1987. Straight Baselines: U.S.S.R. (Pacific Ocean, Sea of Japan, Sea of Okhotsk, and Bering Sea), Limits in the Seas, No. 107 (1987), available at https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/58384.pdf (accessed 29 June 2016).
United States Department of State. 1996. Straight Baseline Claim: China, Limits in the Seas, No. 117, available at https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/57692.pdf (accessed 29 June 2018).
United States Department of State. 1998. Straight Baseline and Territorial Sea Claims: Japan, Limits in the Seas, No. 120 (1998), available at https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/57684.pdf (accessed 29 June 2018).
United States Department of State. 2005. Maldives Maritime Claims and Boundaries, Limits in the Seas, No. 126, available at http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/57678.pdf (accessed 29 June 2018).
United States Department of State. 2014. Indonesia: Archipelagic and Other Maritime Claims and Boundaries, Limits in the Seas, No. 141, available at https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/231912.pdf (accessed 27 June 2018).

Other Official Information
Chapter 2
Montevideo Convention on Rights and Duties of States. 1933. adopted on 26 December 1933, entered into force on 26 December 1934, available at https://www.ilsa.org/jessup/jessup15/Montevideo Convention.pdf (accessed 25 June 2018).
Chapter 3
Articles of Association of the South Asia Cooperative Environment Programme. 1981. adopted on 25 February 1981, entered into force on 9 February 1982, available at http://iea.uoregon.edu/pages/view_treaty.php?t=1981-SouthAsiaCooperativeEnvironmentProgramme.EN.txt&par=view_treaty_html (accessed 29 June 2018).
Indus Waters Treaty. 1960. adopted on 19 September 1960, took effect retrospectively on 1 April 1960, available at http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTSOUTHASIA/Resources/223497-1105737253588/IndusWatersTreaty1960.pdf (accessed 29 June 2018).
The Boundary Agreement Between China and Pakistan. 1963. adopted on 2 March 1963, available at http://people.unica.it/annamariabaldussi/files/2015/04/China-Pakistan-1963.pdf (accessed 29 June 2018).
Chapter 4
Agreement between Great Britain and the Netherlands Relating to the Boundary between the State of North Borneo and the Netherland Possessions in Borneo. 1915. adopted on 28 September 1915, available at http://treaties.fco.gov.uk/docs/fullnames/pdf/1915/TS0012 (1915) CD-8105 1915 28 SEP, LONDON; AGREEMENT BETWEEN UK & NETHERLANDS RELATING TO BOUNDARY BETWEEN STATE OF NORTH BORNEO & NETHERLAND.pdf (accessed 22 March 2017), downloaded and on file with the author.
Agreement between the Government of Malaysia and the Government of Indonesia on the Delimitation of the Continental Shelves between the Two Countries. 1969. adopted on 27 October 1969, available at http://www.un.org/depts/los/LEGISLATIONANDTREATIES/PDFFILES/TREATIES/MYS-IDN1969CS.PDF (accessed 27 June 2018).
Agreement between the Government of Malaysia and the Government of the Kingdom of Thailand on the Constitution and Other Matters Relating to the Establishment of the Malaysia-Thailand Joint Authority. 1990. adopted on 30 May 1990, available at https://cil.nus.edu.sg/rp/il/pdf/1990 Agreement between Malaysia and Thailand on the MTJA-pdf.pdf (accessed 21 April 2017), downloaded and on file with the author.
Agreement between the Government of Malaysia and the Government of the Republic of Singapore to Delimit Precisely the Territorial Waters Boundary in Accordance with the Straits Settlements and Johore Territorial Waters Agreement 1927. 1995. adopted on 7 August 1995.


Agreement between the Government of the Kingdom of Thailand and the Government of the Republic of Indonesia Relating to the Delimitation of a Continental Shelf Boundary between the Two Countries in the Northern Part of the Straits of Malacca and in the Andaman Sea. 1971. adopted on 17 December 1971, available at http://www.un.org/depts/los/LEGISLATIONAN