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博碩士論文 etd-0731100-161915 詳細資訊
Title page for etd-0731100-161915
論文名稱
Title
環境因子對中型毛蝦產卵孵化與無節幼體變態影響之研究
Effect of environmental factors on the spawning, egg hatching and metamorphosis of nauplius of the shrimp Acetes intermedius (Omori, 1975)
系所名稱
Department
畢業學年期
Year, semester
語文別
Language
學位類別
Degree
頁數
Number of pages
129
研究生
Author
指導教授
Advisor
召集委員
Convenor
口試委員
Advisory Committee

口試日期
Date of Exam
2000-07-20
繳交日期
Date of Submission
2000-07-31
關鍵字
Keywords
孵化、無節幼體、鹽度、排卵、中型毛蝦、溫度
spawning, egg hatching, salinity, temperature, metamorphosis, Acetes intermedius
統計
Statistics
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中文摘要
中型毛蝦(Acetes intermedius Omori 1975)為一重要的生態及經濟種類,自1975年為大森信描述為一新種之後,少有學者針對其生殖方面進行研究。本論文的目的在於研究中型毛蝦的排卵、卵的孵化及早期幼體發育,並對相關的環境因子進行探討。
中型毛蝦的卵為圓形,平均卵徑為200 mm,透明,沉性卵,通常為綠色。卵的分裂方式為全卵割型。幼體的發育可分成四期: 無節幼體、蚤狀幼體、糠蝦及仔蝦。各期又可分成無節幼體四期、蚤狀幼體三期及糠蝦二期。在溫度30℃、鹽度 25 psu下,卵排出後的10-11小時出現無節幼體, 29小時後出現蚤狀幼體,五、六天之後出現糠蝦期,在第七天出現仔蝦。
將卵置於不同溫鹽組合下進行孵化,結果發現卵在鹽度0-10 psu 之間及水溫15℃時的所有的測試鹽度下都無法孵化。在水溫30 ℃時孵化率鹽度15 psu時開始降低,而在水溫20及25℃時孵化率在鹽度20 psu已開始下降,在20 psu下,各實驗組的孵化率,則因溫度的升高而提高。在25 psu以上的各實驗組,其孵化率約可達到90%左右。孵化所需的時間,在各溫度組間,有 明顯的差異,其中以30℃組所需時間最短,約10小時後即開始孵化,25℃則約在14小時之後,而20℃則延遲至28小時之後,始有孵化。然而其孵化時間,會因鹽度的不同而有差異,在實驗的四組鹽度(20, 25, 30, 35 psu)中,以在25 psu下,孵化所需的時間最短,此鹽度效應在25及30℃下較明顯,而在20℃下,則無明顯的差別。
將卵及在30℃、30 psu下孵化的無節幼體,置入不同的溫鹽組合下觀察無節幼體變態率結果發現,在鹽度20-35 psu之間,溫度30, 25 及20℃下的無節幼體,分別在卵排出後的28, 45小時及5天之後,才變態成蚤狀幼體第一期。在25 及 30℃ 下,鹽度25及30 psu 下的無節幼體變態時間較在20及35 psu下早,而在 20℃下,無節幼體變態所需時間並不因所測試的鹽度的差異而有所差別。 在25及30℃下將近90%的無節幼體變態成蚤狀幼體,然而在溫度20℃變態率明顯降低。變態率通常在鹽度20-30 psu 之間較15 或 35 psu 高。
排卵時,雌蝦會在水表面游動並快速擺動其泳足,同時將卵直接排入水中並。成熟雌蝦通常在夜間排卵,而其時間大都以午夜前後為主要的高峰期,然而在冬末春初時排卵時多數的雌蝦都在午夜前排卵出,夏季時排卵時間延後至午夜之後排卵時,排卵時間會受低溫(24℃)的影響而延後,但水溫提高至30℃並不會促使雌蝦提早排卵。在鹽度15- 35 psu 之間,雌蝦都可以排卵且排卵高峰期並不受到影響,然而在不同排卵鹽度下,在15及 35 psu所產下卵的孵化率較在20-30 psu之間所產下的卵的孵化率明顯地降低。成熟雌蝦可能受到內在因子生理時鐘的調控而在晚間排卵,因其排卵時間並不受光變化的影響。
Abstract
The planktonic shrimp Acetes intermedius is an ecologically and commercially important species. Since it was described by Omori(1975) as a new species, there have been relative few studies focused on the reproduction of this species. The aim of this study is to examine the spawning, egg hatching, larval development of A. intermedius and the related environmental factors.
The newly released eggs of Acetes intermedius were round, 200 um in diameter in average, transparent, demersal and were usually green in color. The cleavage pattern of developing egg is holoblastic. Larval stages could be divided into four stages: nauplius, protozea, zoea and postlarva. Nauplius, protozoea and zoea can be further divided into 4, 3 and 2 substages, respectively. At water temperature 30 ℃ and salinity 25 psu, hatching of nauplius was around 10-11 h after spawning while protozoea, zoea and postlarva occurred around 29h, 5-6 and 7 days after spawning, respectively.
Newly released eggs were introduced directly into different temperature-salinity combinations. The results revealed that eggs failed to hatch at 15℃ at all salinities tested and at salinities 0 to 10 psu at all temperatures examined. Hatching success started to decrease at salinity 15 psu at 30℃ and at 20 psu at both 25℃ and 20℃. When salinity was not lower than 25 psu, the hatching success reaches nearly 90 % in average and is generally similar among temperatures tested. Hatching started at about 10, 14 and 28h after spawning at temperatures 30, 25, 20℃, respectively. At salinity 25 psu, hatching time was the shortest at both 25 and 30℃, whereas it was similar among salinities at 20℃.
Eggs and nauplii I hatched at 30 ℃, 30 psu were incubated in the different temperature-salinity combinations. It took eggs incubated at salinities ranging from 20 to 35 psu about 28, 45 h and 5 days to develop into protozoea I at 30, 25 and 20 ℃, respectively. Nauplii usually started to metamorphose earlier at 25 and 30 psu than at 35 and 20 psu at 25 and 30℃ while no significant trend in metamorphosis time was found among different salinities at 20℃. Nearly 90% of nauplii metamorphosed into protozoea I at 25 and 30℃ while the metamorphosis rate of nauplii was greatly reduced at 20℃. The metamorphosis rate was usually higher around 20-25 psu and lower at 15 and 35 psu in all temperatures examined.
While spawning, the gravid females swam near the water surface and were rapidly beating pleopods. The eggs were directly released into water. Spawning usually took place at night but the timing is generally peaked around midnight. The gravid females spawned in the early spring before midnight while they spawned after midnight in summer. The spawning timing is delayed at low temperature (24℃) while it is not affected by high temperature (30℃). The salinity did not show any effects on spawning but the hatching success of eggs released at 15 and 35 psu was significantly lower than those at 20-30 psu. The gravid females were tended to be endogenous timed to spawn in the night since spawning was not affected by absence of presence of light.




目次 Table of Contents
目 錄
致謝辭 ………………………………………………...… I
表目錄 …………………………………………………... III
圖目錄 …………………………………………………... IV
中文摘要 ………………………………………………... VI
英文摘要 ………………………………………………... VII
一、前 言……………………..…………………………. 1
二、材料與方法 ………………………………………… 7
2.1 採樣點 ……………………………………………………… 7
2.2 成熟雌蝦的收集 …………………………………………… 7
2.3 卵的收集 …………………………………………………… 8
2.4 控溫水槽 …………………………………………………… 8
2.5 卵的發育 …………………………………………………… 9
2.6 幼體發育 ………………………………………………….... 9
2.7 成熟雌蝦出現的週期 ………………………………....….... 11
2.8 雌蝦排卵時的鹽度對卵孵化率的影響 ..………………….. 11
2.9 排卵的時機與環境影響因子 ……………..……………..… 11
2.9.1 觀測方法與裝置 …..................………..……………..... 11
2.9.2 光線與季節性 ………….....…..............……………..… 12
2.9.3 溫度與鹽度 ……………….....……......………......…… 12
2.10 溫鹽對卵孵化的影響 ……………………..…………..….. 12
2.11 溫鹽對無節幼蟲變態的影響 …………….………………. 13
三、卵與幼體的發育 ……………….…………………… 15
3.1結果 ………………………………………………..……….. 15
3.1.1卵的發育 ………………………………………………. 15
3.1.2 幼體發育 ……………………………………..…….…. 15
3.1.2.1發育時間與分期 ………........………………….… 16
3.1.2.2無節幼體 ……………………........…………….… 17
3.1.2.3蚤狀幼體 …………………………........…….…… 17
3.1.2.4糠蝦期 …………………………………........….… 17
3.1.2.5後期仔蝦 ……………………………………….… 17
3.2討 論 …………………………………………………….… 18
3.2.1卵的發育 …………………………………………….… 18
3.2.2幼體發育 …………………………………………….… 19
3.2.3幼體食性 …………………………………………….… 20
3.2.4幼體發生與親緣關係 ……………………………….… 21
四、溫鹽對孵化的影響 ………………………………… 23
4.1結果 ……………………………………………………….. 23
4.1.1卵數與孵化率 ……………………………….………… 23
4.1.2孵化時間 ………………………………………………. 23
4.1.3孵化率 …………………………………………………. 24
4.2討論 ………………………………………………….…….. 24
五、溫鹽對無節幼體變態的影響 …………………….. 28
5.1結果 ……………………………………………….……….. 28
5.1.1變態時間 …………………………………………..…… 28
5.1.2變態率 …………………………………………………. 28
5.2討論 ………………………………………………….…….. 29
六、環境因子對雌蝦排卵的影響 …………………….… 33
6.1結果 …………………………………………………….…… 33
6.1.1成熟雌蝦出現週期 …………………………………….. 33
6.1.2排卵行為 …………………………………………….…. 33
6.1.3排卵與鹽度 …………………………………………….. 34
6.1.4排卵與溫度 …………………………………………….. 34
6.1.5排卵與潮汐 …………………………………………….. 35
6.1.6排卵與光的變化 ……………………………………….. 35
6.1.7排卵時間的季節變化 ………………………………….. 35
6.1.8雌蝦排卵時的鹽度對卵孵化的影響 …………. ……… 36
6.2討 論 …………………………………………..………….… 37
6.2.1生殖季節 ………………………………………….….… 37
6.2.2成熟雌蝦出現的半月週期 …………………………….. 38
6.2.3環境因子對雌蝦排卵時機的影響 ………………….…. 40
6.2.3.1鹽度 …………………………….....………........…. 40
6.2.3.2潮汐 ………………………….............….....…….... 40
6.2.3.3光線與溫度 ……….........………….......……….…. 41
6.2.4夜間排卵可能的生態意義 ……………….......….…. 43
6.2.5產卵場 ……………………...........………………….. 45
6.2.6地理分佈與溫度 …………………...........……….…. 46
七、總結 ……………………………………………………….… 48
八、引用文獻 ……………………….…………...………. 51
附錄 一 毛蝦生物學 ……………………………...…..… 66
研究史 …………………………….…..…………………...….. 66
外型特徵 ………………………………….…………………… 66
系統分類 ………………………………………………………. 67
地理分布 ………………………………………………………. 68
生態習性與角色 ……………………………………………….. 69
生殖 …………………………………………………………….. 70
漁業及用途 …………………………………………………….. 71
漁期 ……………………………………………….………..….. 71
漁場 …………………………………………………………….. 71
漁具與漁法 ……………………………………………. …………. 72
漁獲量 ……………………………………………………………... 73
經濟用途 ………………………………………………. ……….… 74
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