隨著世界領先科技與網路擴展整個經濟體系之規模與生產可能集合.存在於生產元素之間的各種外溢效果似乎在現今科技發展的時代成了功不可沒的關鍵.本文主要談論創新,研究發展外溢,地理外溢與生產力及台灣高科技廠商之相互關聯性及重要性.利用動態生產模型來估計研究發展與其外溢效果在產業內與產業間研究外溢與地理外溢及外生技術變動之間對台灣高科技廠商之決策過程與產出成長率影響程度並進而分析研究發展的外溢效果在高科技產業內與產業間以動態角度來探討創新價值的擴散過程.了解這些具有生產力相關投入與它們所能激發出的各種外溢效果,我們提供理論面以及實務面上的架構來探討與評量整個外溢機制更利用該模型來量化成本效果並計算各種投入之生產力的貢獻. 我們探討時間,地理與產業外溢等等效果並探討其在動態成本模型當中與各種投入既產出的各種關聯性與重要性,除此之外更加入外溢比例之觀念到各種外溢效果當中,以強化各種外溢效果的真實外溢過程.而非以傳統的完全外溢的觀念來作為外溢效果的探討原則.

This thesis studies innovation networks, R&D spillovers, spatial spillovers, productivity growth and associated adjustments in Taiwan high-technology industries. A dynamic production modeling is built up to estimate R&D and its spillover effects among and within high-technology industries to study the dynamic effects of inter-, intra-industry R&D and spatial spillovers and exogenous technical changes on output growth for Taiwan high-technology industries. The thesis involves analysis of R&D spillover effects among and within high-technology industries to study the dynamic perspectives of the innovation diffusion. As leading high-technology and network expand the horizons of economic agents’ production possibilities and decisions, the spillovers between productive entities are likely to be of increasing importance in the knowledge-based economy.
Understanding these productive inter-dependencies, and their potential to motivate various types of spillovers require modeling and measuring their existence and impacts. We provide a conceptual and empirical framework for measuring and evaluating various types of spillover mechanism, which allows us both to quantify the cost-effects and evaluating the contribution to productive performance. We explore the temporal, spatial, and industrial spillovers using a dynamic cost function model that explicitly parameterizes the spillover weights and econometrically estimates them. We extend the dynamic external spillover model framework, described in Tsai and Chen (2001), which assumed that each firm derives an optimal plan so that the expected present value of current and future costs stream is minimized. First, we study the spillover effects in the dimension of industry considerations and geography. Second, to identify all kinds of spillover sources, to assess the spillover processes, and to evaluate the contributions of such inter-dependencies in productive performance we incorporate the concept of spillover ratio into the industry dynamic model. The temporal, intra-industry, inter-industry, and spatial R&D spillovers are distinguished and, in doing so, provide a richer account of innovation, learning and the means which are encouraged by geographical proximity.

Catalog
Ⅰ. Introduction
1.1 Research Motivation ……………………………………………….2
1.2 Research Organization ………………………………………………..4

II. Stylized Facts of Taiwan Industrial Developments ……………………..6
2.1 The development of Taiwan Industrial Environment ……………….6
2.2 Current Development Status ………………………………………….7
2.2.1 Current Status of the Manufacturing Industry …………………7
2.2.2 Well-Planned Industrial Parks ……………………………………8

Ⅲ.Literature Reviews ………………………………………………………..11
3.1 Literature reviews of R&D research …………………………………11
3.2 The Various Types of Spillovers ………………………………………15
3.2.1. Spatial Spillovers …………………………………………………15
3.2.2. Temporal spillovers ………………………………………………18
3.3.3. Industrial spillovers ………………………………………………20

IV. Theoretical Models ……………………………………………………….24
4.1 Model Formulation ……………………………………………………24
4.2 Derived Indicators ……………………………………………………..29

V. Empirical Findings …………………………………………………………31
5.1 Variable Definitions and Data Sources ………………………………..31
5.2 The Distribution of High-tech Industries ……………………………..35
5.3 Estimated Parameters of the Dynamic R&D Spillovers Model ……..36
5.4 Adjustment Process …………………………………………………….39
5.5 Spillover Effects …………………………………………………………40
5.6 Sources of Output Growth Analysis ……………………………………45
5.7 R&D Spillovers and the Clustering of Taiwan High-Technology Firms ..46

VI. Conclusions and Policy Constraints ……………………………………….47

REFERENCES ………………………………………………………………….53

APPENDIX ………………………………………………………………………64

REFERENCES
Chinese References
中華民國科學技術統計要覽 (1997) 行政院國家科學委員會。
中華民國創業投資公會 (2000)《創業投資通報》, 第二十二號。
李文福 (1989)，(台灣裂造業生產力的再探討-技術進步生產技術效率與生產規模)，(台灣銀行季刊)，第40卷第4期。
林象山 、黃仁杰 (1995) 高科技投報酬之探討：以創業投資事業為例, 《中山管理評論》, 3(4): 24-41。
馬維揚 (1997) 新竹科學園區產業發展之評估與展望, 《台北銀行月刊》, 27(9): 42-62.
馬維揚 (1998)，(台灣高科技產業發展之實證研究)。《台北華泰文心》
梁玲菁 (1999) 台灣創業投資事業與科技產業的互動關係, 《會計研究月刊》, 159: 112-131。
莊奕琦、許碧峰 (1999) 研究發展對生產力的貢獻及產業間的外溢效果─台灣製造業實証, 《經濟論文》, 27 (3): 407-432。
陳立功 (2000) 一九九九年全國科技動態調查─兼論國內研發經費, 《科學發展月刊》, 28(10): 772-779。
陳忠榮、陳威勳 (1992), 研究發展外溢效果對廠商利潤績效之影響─以自動化新產業為例,《經濟論文叢刊》, 20: 2, 155-175。
陳素娟 (2000) 政府出資研究發展之技術移轉與績效, 《台灣經濟金融月刊》, 36(5): 80-88。
黃國綱、鄭秀玲 (2001), 專利、技術價值與R&D生產函數─以工研院為例，研討論文。
黃鏡如、傅祖壇、楊永列、馬維揚(2001) , 1993~1999年竹科積體電路廠商-生產力變動的衡量/隨機生產邊界模式之應用, 台灣經濟學會2001年年會。
楊永列(2000)(新竹科學園區廠商效率與生產力變動之研究),《東吳大學經濟學研究所博士論文》。
楊維楨、李文雄 (1999) 台灣高科技產業營運績效之探討─ 新竹科學園區經驗, 《台北銀行月刊》, 29(5): 22-38。
蔡光第、楊浩彥 (1996) 多層次巢覆式R&D外溢效果與其對台灣製造業不同部門之貢獻,《經濟論文叢刊》, 24(1): 29-60。
蔡光第、楊浩彥(I993)(我國製造業各業別R&D資本之外溢及其貢獻)，《可計量一般均衡模型之建立》，經濟部產業決策動態發展模型研究計劃，台北:台灣經濟研究院。
蔡蕙安 (1999) 靜態與非靜態預期下產業動態模型之研究：以台灣電信業為例,《亞太經濟管理評論》, 3(1): 21-40。
蔡蕙安、陳致剛 (2001) 「研究發展外溢效果對廠商成本結構之影響─台灣高科技產業之實証分析」，研討論文。
蔡蕙安、陳致剛 (2002) 「研究發展外溢效果對廠商成本結構之影響─台灣高科技產業之實証分析」，經濟論文叢刊，30-2 : 175--204，已出版。
顏旭良(1998)(高科技產業經營績效評估與其資源配置特性研究-以新竹科學工業園區為例), 《成功大學企業管理研究所碩士論文》。


English References

Acs, Z. and D. Audretsch (1987) " Innovation, Market Structure and Firm Size, " Review of Economics and Statistics 69,567-575.

Acs, Z. and D. Audretsch (1990) Innovation and Small Firms, MIT Press, Cambridge.

Acs, Z., D. Audretsch and M. Feldman (1992) " Real Effects of Academic Research: Comment, " American Economic Review 82, 363-367.

Adams, D.J. (1999), " The Structure of Firm R&D, The Factor Intensity of Production, and Skill Bias, " The Review of Economics and Statistics, 81(3), 499-510.

Adams, D.J. (2000) " Endogenous R&D Spillovers and Industrial Research Productivity, " NBER working paper, NO.7484.

Aghion, P. and P. Howitt (1990) " A Model of Growth through Creative Destruction, " NBER working paper, NO. 3223.

Anselin, L. (1988) Spatial Econometrics: Methods and Models. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers.

Arnade, Carlos and M. Gopinath (1998) " Capital Adjustment in U.S. Agriculture and Food Processing: A Cross-Section Model, " Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, 23(1), July: 85-98

Arrow, K.J. (1962) " The Economic Implications of Learning by Doing, " Review of Economic Studies 29, 155-173.

Arthur, W.B. (1990) " Silicon Valley Locational Clusters: Do Increasing Returns Imply Monopoly?" Mathematical Social Sciences 19, 235-251.

Audretsch, David B., and Maryann P, Feldman (1996) " R&D Spillovers and the Geography of Innovation and Production, " American Economic Review, 86(3), June: 630-40.

Ball, V.E., F.M. Gollop, A. Kelly-Hawke and G.P. Swinand (1999) " Patterns of State Productivity Growth in the U.S. Farm Sector: Linking State and Aggregate Models, " American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 81(1), February: 164-79.

Baptista, Rui and P. Swann (1998) " Do Firms in Cluster Innovate More, " Research Policy, 27(6), 527-542.

Baptista, Rui (1999) " The Diffusion of Process Innovations: A Selective Review, " International Journal of the Economics of Business, 6(1).

Baptista, Rui (2000) " Do Innovations Diffuse Faster within Geographical Clusters? " International Journal of Industrial Organization, 18(3), 515-535

Barney, J. (1991) " Firm Resources and Sustained Competitive Advantage, " Journal of Management, 17(1): 99-120.

Bartlesman, Eric, Ricardo J. Caballero and Richard K. Lyons (1994) " Customer- and Supplier-Driven Externalities, " American Economic Review, 84(4): 1075-1084.

Bastista, Rui, P. Swann (1996) " The Dynamics of Growth and Entry in Industrial Clusters: a Comparative Study of the US and UK Computer Industries, " Centre for Business Strategy, London Business School, NO. 165.

Battese, G.E. and T.J. Coelli (1995) " A Model for Technical Inefficiency Effects in a Stochastic Frontier Production Function for Panel Data, " Empirical Economies, 20(2), 325-32.
Baumol, W.I., J.C. Panzar, and R.D. Willig (1982) Contestable Markets and the Theory of Industry Structure. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.

Beckman, M., J. Thisse (1986) " The Location of Production Activities, " In: Nijkamp, P(Ed.), Handbook of Regional and Urban Economics, Vol. 1,Elsevier, pp. 21-95.

Bell, Kathleen P. and Nancy E. Bockstael (2000) " Applying the Generalized-Moments Estimation Approach to Spatial Problems Involving Microlevel Data, " The Review of Economics and Statistics, 82(1), February: 72-82.

Berndt, E.R., M.A. Fuss, and L. Waverman (1980) " Dynamic Adjustment Models of Industrial Energy Demand: Empirical Analysis for U.S. Manufacturing, " 1947-1974. Palo Alto: Electric Power Research Institute, Final Report EPRI EA-1613.

Berndt, E.R., C.J. Morrison and G.C. Watkins, G. (1981) Dynamic Models of Energy Demand: An Assessment and Comparison, Measuring and Modeling Natural Resource Substitution (ed. E. Berndt and B. Field), MIT Press, Cambridge Massachusetts.

Berndt, E.R. (1991) The Practice of Econometrics. Addison Wesley publishing Company: Boston, MA

Bernstein, J.I. (1986) " Dynamic Factor Demand and Adjustment Costs: An Analysis of Bell Canada’s Technology, " Carleton Industrial Organization Research Unit working paper series.

Bernstein, J.I. (1988) " Cost of Production, Intra- and Inter-industry R&D Spillovers: Canadian Evidence, " Canadian Journal of Economics, 21, 324-347.

Bernstein, J.I. and M.I. Nadiri (1988), " Inter-industry R&D Spillovers, and the Rates of Return and Production in High-Tech Industries, " American Economic Review, 78(2), 429-434.

Bernstein, J.I. and M.I. Nadiri (1989) " Research and Development and Intra-industry Spillover: An Empirical Application of Dynamic Duality, " Review of Economic Studies, 56, 249-269.

Bernstein, J.I. and M.I. Nadiri (1991) " Product Demand, Cost of Production, Spillovers, and the Social Rate of Return to R&D, " NBER working paper, NO. 3625.

Bernstein, Jeffrey I., and P. Mohnen (1994) " International R&D Spillovers between U.S. and Japanese R&D Intensive Sectors, " NBER working Paper, No. 4682.

Bernstein, Jeffrey I., and P. Mohnen (1998) " International R&D Spillovers between U.S. and Japanese R&D Intensive Sectors, " Journal of International Economics, 44(2), April: 315-38.

Bernstein, Jeffrey I., and Xiaoyi Yan (1997) " International R&D Spillovers between Canadian and Japanes Industries, " Canadian Journal of Economics, 30(2), May: 276-94.

Berry, M.M.J., and Taggart, J.H. (1998) " Combining Technology and Corporate Strategy in Small High Tech Firms, " Research Policy, 26: 883-895.

Blundell, R., Griffith, J. V. Reenen (1995) " Dynamic Count Data Models of Technical Innovation, " Economic Journal, 105, 333-334.

Branstetter, Lee (2001) " Are Knowledge Spillovers International or Intranational in Scope?: Microeconometric Evidence from Japan and the United States, " Journal of International Economics, (53).

Branstetter, Lee and Jong-Rong Chen (1999) " The Role of Technology Transfer in the Taiwanese Electronic Industry: Microeconometric Analysis Using Plant-Level Data, " presented at the International Conference on Efficiency and Productivity Growth, Academia Sinica, Taiwan.

Bregman, A., M. Fuss and H. Regev (1991), " High Tech and Productivity: Evidence form Israeli Industrial Firms, " European Economic Review, 25, 1199-1221.

Callon, Scott (1995) " Different Paths: The Rise of Taiwan and Singapore in the Global Personal Computer Industry, " Asia/Pacific Research Center, Stanford University.
Cambridge, pp. 240-274.

Caplin, Andrew, and John Leahy (1998) " Miracle on Sixth Avenue: Information Externalities and Search, " The Economic Journal, 108(January): 60-74.

Capron, Henri, and Michele Cincera (1998) " Exploring the Spillover Impact on Productivity of World-Wide Manufacturing Firms, " Annales-d’ Economie-et-de-Statistique, Jan-June: 52: 285-307.

Cameron, A, Trivedi, P, (1986) " Econometric Models Based on Count Data: Comparisons and Applications of Some Estimators and Test, " Journal of Applied Econometrics, 1, 29-53.

Canals, J. (2000) Managing Corporate Growth. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

Chen, Dung-Sheng (2000) " Development of the Industrial Network Between Taiwan's Venture Capital Companies and Integrated-Circuit Companies, " Taiwan Sociology Review, 28:1-64. (in Chinese)

Coe, D.T. and E. Helpman (1995) " International R&D Spillovers, " European Economic Review, 39:859-87.

Cohen, J. P., and C. J. Monrrison Paul. (2001) " Agglomeration Economies and Industry Location Decisions: The Impacts of Vertical and Horizontal Spillovers, " manuscript, October.

Cohen, W.M, (1992) Empirical Studies of Innovative Activity and Performance. Mimeo, Cambridge Mellon University.

Cohen, W.M., and Levinthal, D.A. (1989) " Innovation and Learning: The Two Faces of R&D, " The Economic Journal, 99: 569-596.

Cohen, W.M. and Levinthal, D.A. (1990) " Absorptive Capacity: A New Perspective on Learning and Innovation, " Administrative Science Quarterly, 35: 128-152.

David, P. and J. Rosenbloom. (1990) " Marshallian Factor Markets, Externalities, and the Dynamicd of Industrial Localization, " Journal of Urban Economics. 28: 349-370.

Debresson, C., F. Amesse (1991) " Networks of Innovators: A Review and an Introduction to the Issue, " Research Policy 20, 363-380.

Denny, M., M.A. Fuss, and L. Waverman (1981), " Substitution Possibilities for Energy: Evidence from U.S. and Canadian Manufacturing Industries, " Measuring and Modeling Natural Resource Substitution (ed. E. Berndt and B. Field), MIT Press, Cambridge Massachusetts.

Dekle, Robert and Jonathan Eaton (1999) " Agglomeration and Land Rents: Evidence from the Prefectures, " Journal of Urban Economics, 46(2), September: 200-214.

Diao, Xinshin, Terry Roe, and Erinc Yeldan (1999) " Strategic Policies and Growth: An Applied Model of R&D-Driven Endogenous Growth, " Journal of Development Economics, 60(2), December: 889-927.

Dorfman, N, (1988) Route 128: The Development of a Regional High-Technology Economy. In: Lampe, D. (Ed.), The Massachusetts Miracle: High Technology and Economic Revitalisation, MIT Press,

Dosi, G, (1988) " The Nature of the Innovative Process, " Technical Change and Economic Theory, Printer Publishers, London, pp. 221-238.

Eisner, R. and R.H. Stortz (1963) " Determinants of Business Investment, " in Impacts of Monetary Policy, Part 1, Commission on Money and Credit, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 59-233.

Ellison, Glen and E. Glaeser (1997) " Geographic Concentration in U.S. Manufacturing Industries, " Journal of Political Economy, 105(5): 889-927.

Epstein, L.G. and A. Yatchew (1985) " The Empirical Determination of Technology and Expectations: A Simplified Procedure, " Journal of Econometrics, 27, 235-258.

Ernst, Dieter (1998) " What Permits David to Defeat Goliath? The Taiwanese Model in the Computer Industry, " Berkeley: Unpublished paper, BRIE, University of California at Berkeley.

Evenson, R.E. and Y. Kislev (1973) " Research and Productivity in Wheat and Maize, " Journal of Political Economy, 81, 1309-1329.

Falcke, O. Caj (1999) " Industrial Parks: Principles and Practice, " Journal of Economic Cooperation among Islamic Countries, 20(1), 1-10.

Feldman, M., and D. Audretsch (1995) " Science-based Diversity, Specialisation, Localized Competition and Innovation, " Paper Presented at the 22nd EARIE Conference, Sophia Antipolis.

Feldman, M. P. (1999) " The New Economics of Innovation, Spillovers and Agglomeration: A Review of Empirical Studies, " Economics of Innovation and New Technology, 8(l-2): 5-25.

Feldman, M.P. (1994) " The Geography of Innovation, " Kluwer Acdemic Publishers, Dordrecht.

Glaeser, E.L., H.D. Kallar, J. Scheinkman, and A. Shleifer (1992) " Growth in Cities, " Journal of Political Economy, 100, 1126-1152.

Goodwin, Barry K., and Gary W. Brester (1995) " Structural Change in Factor Demand Relationships in the U.S. Food and Kindred Products Industry, " American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 77(1), November: 1044-55.

Goto, A. and K. Suzuki (1989) " R&D Capital, Rate of Returns on R&D Investment and Spillovers of R&D in Japanese Manufacturing Industries, " The Review of Economics and Statistics, LXXI, 555-564.

Gould, J.P. (1968) " Adjustment Cost in the Theory of Investment of the Firm, " The Review of Economic Studies, 35, 1, 47-56.

Grandstrand, O., Bohlin, E., Oskarsson, C., and Sjoberg, N. (1992) " External Technology Acquisition in Large Multi-Technology Corporations, " R&D Management, 22(2): 111-132.

Griliches, Z. (1979) " Issues in Assessing the Contributions of Research and Development to Productivity Growth, " Bell Journal of Economics, 10, 92-116.

Griliches, Z. (1986) " Productivity, R&D and Basic Research at the Firm Level in the 1970’s, " American Economic Review, 76, 141-154.

Griliches, Z. (1992) " The Research for R&D Spillovers, " Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 94(0), Supplement, S29-47.

Griliches, Z. and F. Lichtenberg (1984), " R&D and Productivity Growth at the Industry Level: Is There Still a Relation?, " in Griliches, Z. (ed.), R&D, Patent and Productivity, 465-501. University of Chicago Press.

Griliches, Z. and J. Mairesse (1984), Productivity and R&D at the Firm Level, in Z. Griliches (ed.), R&D, Patent of Productivity, 339-374, MA: University of Chicago Press.

Grossman, G.M. and E. Helpman (1990) " Comparative Advantage and Long Run Growth, " American Economic Review, 80, 796-815.

Grossman, G.M. and E. Helpman (1991) " Quality Ladders in the Theory of Growth, " Review of Economic Studies, 58, 43-61.

Grossman, G.M. and E. Helpman (1991) Innovation and Growth in the Global Economy, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Hansen, L.P. and T.J. Sargent (1980) " Formulating and Estimating Dynamic Linear Rational Expectation Models, " Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 2, 7-46.

Hansen, L.P. and T.J. Sargent (1982) " Instrumental Variables Procedures for Estimating Linear Rational Expectations Models, " Journal of Monetary Economics, 9, 263-296.

Head, Keith, John Ries and Deborah Swenson (1995), " Agglomeration Benefits and Location Choice: Evidence from Japanese Manufacturing Investments in the United States, " Journal of International Economics, 65(2), May: 297-302.

Henderson, J.V. (1994) " Externalities and Industrial Development, " NBER working paper. NO.4730.

Howells, J. (1984) " The Location of Research and Development: Some Observations and Evidence from British, " Regional Studies 18,13-29.

Huang, Cliff J. and Liu Jin-Tan (1994) " Estimation of a Non-neutral Stochastic Frontier Production Function, " Journal of Productivity Analysis, 5(2), 171-180.

Hudson, B.T. (1994) " Innovation through Acquisition, " The Cornell H.R.A. Quarterly, 35(3): 82-87.

Isard, W. (1956) Location and Space-Economy, MIT Press, Cambridge.

Jaffe, Adam B. (1985) Quantifying the Effects of Technological Opportunity and Research Spillovers in Industrial Innovation, PhD Dissertation, Harvard University.

Jaffe, Adam B. (1986) " Technological Opportunity and Spillovers from R&D: Evidence from Firms’ Patents, Profits and Market Value, " American Economic Review.

Jaffe, Adam B. (1989) " Real Effects of Academic Research, " American Economic Review, 79: 957-70.

Jaffe, A., M. Traltenberg, and R. Henderson, (1993) " Geographic Location of Knowledge Spillovers as Evidenced by Patent Citations, " Quarterly Journal of Economics, 108,577-598.

Jaffrey, P.C. and C.J. Morrison (2001) " Spatial and Supply/Demand Agglomeration Economies: An Evolution of State- and Industry-Linkages in the U.S. Food System, " California Agricultural Experiment Station Giannini Foundation for Agricultural Economics.

Katz, M.L. (1986) " An Analysis of Cooperative Research and Development, " Rand Journal of Economics, 17, 527-543.

Ke, Shanzi, and Michael I. Luger (1996) " Embodied Technological Progress, Technology-Related Producer Inputs, and Regional Factors in a Firm-Level Model of Growth, " Regional Science and Urban Economics, 26(1), Februrary: 23-50.

Kelejian, H. Jarry and I. R. Prucha (1999) " A Generalized Moments Estimator for the Autoregressive Parameter in a Spatial Model, " International Economic Review. 40(2). May: 509-533.

Kelly, Morgan and H. Anya (1999) " Marshallian Externalities in Innovation, " Journal of Economic Growth, 4:1, pp. 39-54.

Kiley, Michael T. (1999) " Computers and Growth with Costs of Adjustment: Will the Future Look Like the Past? " Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, Discussion Paper, 99/36, July.

Kraemer, Kenneth, D. Jason, Chin-Yeong Hwang, Tze-Chen Tu, and Chee-Sing Yap (1996) " Entrepreneurship, Flexibility, and Policy Coordination: Taiwan's Computer Industry, " The Information Society, 12: 215-249.

Krugman, P. (1991a) " Increasing Returns and Economic Geography, " Journal of Political Economy. 99:483-499.

Krugman, P. (1991b) Geography and Trade. MA: MIT Press, Cambridge.

Lau, J. Lawrence (1994) " The Competitive Advantage of Taiwan, " Journal of Far Eastern Business.

Lee, Branstetter and Jong-Rong Chen (1999) " The Role of Technology Transfer in the Taiwanese Electronic Industry: Microeconometric Analysis Using Plant Level Data, " Discussion Paper in the International Conference on Efficiency and Productivity Growh, Institute of Economics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.

Levin, R.C., P.C. Reiss, and Z. Griliches (1984) " R&D, Patents, and Productivity, " NBER Conference Report. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 175-204.

Levin, R.C. and P.C. Reiss (1988) " Cost-reducing and Demand-creating R&D with Spillovers, " Rand Journal of Econmics, 19(4), 538-556.

Liu, J. T., M. W. Tsou, and James K. Hammitt (2000) " Export Activity and Productivity: Evidence from the Taiwan Electronics Industry, " Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, forthcoming.

Losch. A. (1954) The Economics of Location, MA: Yale Univ. Press, New Haven.

Lucas, R.E. (1967) " Optimal Investment Policy and the Flexible Accelerator, " International Economic Review, 8(1), 78-85.

Lucas, R.E. (1967) " Adjustment Cost and the Theory of Supply, " Journal of Political Economy, 8, 321-334.

Lund, R. (1988) Locating Corporate R&D Facilities, MA: The Conference Board, New York.

Madan, D.P. and I.R. Prucha (1989) " A Note on the Estimation of Nonsymmetric Dynamic Factor Demand Model, " Journal of Econometrics, 42, 275-283.

Mamuneas, T.P. and M.I. Nadiri (1996) " Public R&D Policies and Cost Behavior of the U.S. Manufacturing Industries, " Journal of Public Economics, 63, 1, 57-81.

Mathews, A. John（1997）" A Silicon Valley of the East: Creating Taiwan’s Semiconductor Industry, " California Management Review 39, p.26-54.

Mohnen, P.A., M.I. Nadiri, and I.R. Prucha (1986) " R&D Production Structure and Rates of Return in the U.S., Japanese and German Manufacturing Sectors, " European Economic Review, 30, 749-771, North-Holland.

Mohnen, P.A. (1990) " R&D and Productivity Growth: A Survey of the Literature, " Universite’ du Que’bec a’ Montre’al, CERPE, Cahier de Recherche, NO. 57.

Mohnen, P.A. (1992a) " The Relationship Between R&D and Productivity Growth in Canada and Other Industrialized Countries, " Ottawa: Canada Communication Group.

Mohnen, P.A. (1992b) " International R&D Spillovers in Selected OECD Countries, " Universite’ du Que’bec a’ Montre’al, Department des sciences e’conomiques, Cahier NO. 9208.

Mohnen, P.A. and N. Lepine (1991) " R&D, R&D Spillovers and Payments for Technology: Canadian Evidence, " Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 2, 1, 213-228.

Montgomery, C.A., and Hariharan, S. (1991) " Diversified Expansion by Large Established Firms, " Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 15: 71-89.

Moreno, Ramon, and Bharat Trehan (1997) " Location and the Growth of Nations, " Journal of Economic Growth, 2(4), December: 399-418.

Morrison, Catherine J. (1985) " Primal and Dual Capacity Utilization: An Application to Productivity Measurement in the U.S. Automobile Industry, " Journal of Business and Economic Statistics. 3(4). 0ctober: 312-324.

Morrison, Catherine J. (1992a) " Unraveling the Productivity Growth Slowdown in the United States, Canada and Japan: The Effects of Subequilibrium, Scale Economies and Markups, " The Review of Economics and Statistics. 74(3), 381-393.

Morrison, Catherine J. (1997) " Assessing the Productivity of Information Technology Equipment in U.S. Manufacturing Industries, " The Review of Economics and Statistics. 79, 471-481.

Morrison, Catherine J. and D. Siegel. (1997) " External Capital Factors and Increasing Returns in U.S. Manufacturing, " The Review of Economics and Statistics. 79, 647-654.

Morrison, Catherine J. and D. Siegel. (1999) " Scale Economies and Industry Agglomeration Externalities: A Dynamic Cost Function Approach, " American Economic Review, 89(1). March: 272-290.

Nadiri, M.I. (1993) " Innovations and Technological Spillovers, " NBER working paper, NO. 4223.

Nadiri, M.I. and B. Nandi (1996) " The Changing Structure of Cost and Demand for the U.S. Telecommunications Industry, " NBER working paper, NO.5820.

Nadiri, M.I. and B. Nandi (1997) " The Changing Structure of Cost and Demand for the U.S. Telecommunications Industry, " Infornation Economics and Policy, 9(4), 319-347.

Nadiri, M.I. and I.R. Prucha (1986) " A Comparison Of Alternative Methods for the Estimation of Dynamic Factor Demand Models under Non-Static Expectations, " Journal of Econometrics, 33, 187-211.

Nadiri, M.I. and I.R. Prucha (1990a) " Comparison and Analysis of Productivity Growth and R&D Investment in the Electrical Machinery Industries of the United States and Japan, in Productivity Growth in Japan and the United States (ed.), " C.R. Hulten, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

Nadiri, M.I. and I.R. Prucha (1990b) " Dynamic Factor Demand Models, Productivity Measurement, and Rates of Return: Theory and Application to the US Bell System, " Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 1: 2, 263-289.

Nadiri, M.I. and I.R. Prucha (1997) " Estimation of the Depreciation Rate of Physical and R&D Capital in the U.S. Total Manufacturing Sector, " NBER working paper, NO. 4591.

Nadiri, M.I. and I.R. Prucha (1999) " Dynamic Factor Demand Models and Productivity Analysis, " NBER working paper, NO. 7079.

Nadiri, M.I. (1993) " Innovations and Technological Spillovers, " NBER working paper, NO. 4423.

Nadiri, M.I. and S. Kim (1996) " R&D, Production Structure and Productivity Growth: A Comparison of the U.S., Japanese and Korean Manufacturing Sectors, " NBER working paper, NO. W5506.

Nelson, R. (1982) " The Role of Knowledge in R&D Efficiency, " Quarterly Journal of Economics, 97: 453-470.

Nelson, R., and S. Winter (1978) " Forces Generating and Limiting Concentration under Schumpeterian Competition, " Bell Journal of Economics, 9(2): 524-548.

Nelson, R. and S. Winter (1982) An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Norsworthy, J.R. and Diana H. Tsai (1998) " Macroeconomic Policy as Implicit Industrial Policy: Its Industry and Enterprise Effects, " Boston/Dordrecht/London: Kluwer Academic Publishers.

Olson, P.D. (1990) " Choices for Innovation-Minded Corporations, " The Journal of Business Strategy, 11(1): 42-47.

Paul, Catherine J. Morrison (2000) " Cost Economies and Market Power in U.S. Meatpacking, " Giannini Foundation Monograph, No. 44, May.

Paul, Catherine J. Morrison (2000b) " Modeling and Measuring Productivity in the Agri-Food Sector: Trends, Causes, and Effects, " Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics, November.

Paul, Catherine J. Morrison. (2001) " Cost Economies: A Driving Force for Consolidation and Concentration. " To be presented at a technical sympostum at the Center for Japan-U.S. Business and Economic Studies and the NYU Stern School of Business.

Paul, Catherine J. Morrison. (2001) " Supply and Demand-Driven Spillovers and Productivity Growth. " To be presented at a technical sympostum at the Center for Japan-U.S.Business and Economic Studies and the NYU Stern School of Business.

Pavitt, K. (1986) " Technology, Innovation, and Strategic Management, " In J. McGee & H. Thomas (Eds.) Strategic Management Research: A European Perspective: 171-190. New York: John Wiley & Sons.

Peteraf, M.A. (1993) " The Cornerstones of Competitive Advantage: A Resource-Based Perspective, " Strategic Management Journal, 14: 179-191.

Pisano, G.P. (1990) " The R&D Boundaries of the Firm: An Empirical Analysis, " Administrative Science Quarterly, 35: 153-176.

Porter, M. (1990) The Competitive Advantage of Nations, Macmillian, London.

Rausser, G. and E. Hochman (1981) Dynamic Agricultural Systems: Economic Prediction and Control, North Holland.

Romer, P.M. (1986) " Increasing Return and Long-Run Growth, " Journal of Political Economy, 94, 1002-1037.

Romer, P.M. (1990) " Endogenous Technological Change, " Journal of Political Economy, 98, S71-S102.

Prucha, I.R. and M.I. Nadiri (1986) " Formulation and Estimation of Dynamic Factor Demand Equations under Non-static Expectations: A Finite Horizon Model, " Journal of Econometrics, 33, 187-211.

Rui, B. and S. Peter (1998) " Do Firms in Clusters Innovate More? " Elisevier Science research policy, 525-540.

Saxenian, A. (1994) " Regional Advantage: Culture and Competition in Silicon Valley and Route 128, " MA: Havard Univ. Press, Cambridge.

Saxenian, A. and Jinn-Yuh Hsu (1999) " The Silicon Valley-Hsinchu Connections: Technical Communities and Industrial Upgrading, " SIEPR working paper, Stanford University.

Saxenian, A. (1985) Silicon Valley and Route 128: Regional Prototypes of Historical Expectations? High Technology, Space and Society. Beverly Hills, Sage, pp. 81-105.

Schankerman, M. and M.I. Nadiri (1984) " Investment in R&D, Cost of Adjustment and Expectations, " R&D, Patent and Productivity, edited by Zvi Griliches. Chicago University of Chicago Press.

Schankerman, M. and M.I. Nadiri (1986) " A Test of Static Equilibrium Models and Rates of Return to Quasi-Fixed Factors, with an Application to the Bell System, " Journal of Econmetrics, 33, 97-118.

Schere, F.M. (1982) " Inter-Industry Technology Flows and Productivity Growth, " The Review of Economics and Statics, 64, 627-637.

Senqupta, Jati K. (1998) " Economic Fluctuations in a Model of Input and Output Growth in Japan (1965-90), " Economic Modelling, 15(1), January: 135-49.

Spencee, A.M. (1984) "Cost Reduction, Competition, and Industry Performance, " Econmetrica, 52, 101-121.

Srinivasan, S. (1996) " Estimation of own R&D, R&D Spillovers and Exogenous Technical Change Effects in Some US High-Technology Industries, " MA: University of Southampton, Discussion Papers in Economics and Econometrics, 9607.

Suzuki, K. (1993) " R&D Spillovers and Technology Transfer among and within Vertical Keiretsu Groups: Evidence from the Japanese Electrical Machinery Industry, " International Journal of Industrial Organization, 11, 573-591.

Tan, Lin-Ti and A.R. Hwang (2000) "Import Technology and R&D in Taiwan Electronic Industry, " Review of Development Economics, Forthcoming, 2000.

Theil, H. (1957) " A Note on Certainty Equivalence in Dynamic Planning, " Econometrica, 25, 346-349.

Treadway, A.B. (1971) " The Rational Multivariate Flexible Accelerator, " Econometrics, 39(5), 845-855.

Treadway, A.B. (1971) " The Globally Optional Flexible Accelerator, " Journal of Economic Theory, 7, 17-39.

Tsai, Diana H. (1999) " Industry Dynamic Model under Static Expectation and Non-Static Expectation: Empirical Study of Taiwan Telecommunications, " Asia Pacific Economic and Management Review, 3(1): 21-40. (in Chinese)

Tsai, Diana H. (2001) " R&D Spillovers and High-Technology Clustering: An Empirical Analysis Using Taiwanese Microdata, " presented at the annual conference of the Western Economic Association, San Francisco, July.

Tushman, Michael L. and David A. Nadle (1978) " Information Processing As an Integrating Concept in Organizational Design, " Academy of Management Review, 3: 613-624.

Uno, K. (1989) " Research and Development in an Input-Output Framework-A Methodological Exposition, " in K. Uno, Measurement of Services in an Input-Output Framework, Amsterdam: North-Holland.

Zucker, G. Lynne and M. R. Darby (1998) " Capturing Technological Opportunity via Japan's Star Scientists: Evidence from Japanese Firms' Biotech Patents and Products, " NBER working paper, NO6360, January.