多環芳香烴（PAHs）因其致癌性和誘導基因突變性而逐漸受到重視，PAHs在環境中不容易被降解、具有較長的半衰期，因此藉由PAH來源來判斷顆粒在環境中的來源和傳輸。本研究調查PAH濃度在高屏溪的季節性變化，估算高屏溪的PAH輸出通量，並與高屏海域的表層沉積物比較，以了解顆粒在高屏河海系統的源與匯；另外利用佈置於高屏峽谷內的沉積物收集器（T7KP），以顆粒上的PAHs，解析卡玫基颱風(Kalmaegi)於高屏河海系統造成的顆粒傳輸與輸出通量。
於本研究期間，高屏溪PAH年輸出通量為2241公斤（2006年11月-2007年10月），包含溶解態18.0公斤及顆粒態2223公斤，其中柯羅莎颱風(2007年10月)佔了溶解態5.51%和顆粒態14.7%的年輸出通量。由PAHs的環數分佈和分配係數評估，在濕季期間PAHs於溶解態和顆粒態之間並未取得平衡。根據化學指紋鑑定和統計分析，以PAHs去判斷顆粒來源，可將高屏溪水中懸浮顆粒和高屏海域的表層沉積物區分為下列來源：（1）高屏溪濕季顆粒為石油性來源，其特徵可能為高屏流域的背景值訊號、（2）高屏溪乾季顆粒為燃燒性來源，主要為煤燃燒和交通排放、（3）高屏峽谷西北大陸棚的表層沉積物則是煤燃燒、生質燃燒和交通排放等燃燒性來源、（4）高屏峽谷及其東南大陸棚則為混合性來源，其中部份測站含有柴油來源特徵。
而峽谷中沉積物收集器捕獲的顆粒，確認海底峽谷是一個有效將顆粒及陸源性污染物輸出的通道，特別是颱風在河口引發的濁流層。在卡玫基颱風期間引發了兩次異重濁流層，將陸源顆粒由河口經海底峽谷迅速地輸出進入深海，估算異重濁流層在12.5小時內，經峽谷輸出PAH通量為510公斤，其輸出約等同高屏溪4.2%的年輸出通量。依PAHs的特徵，由顆粒來源去辨別受颱風影響的不同時期：(I)海源性顆粒：未受颱風影響之海洋顆粒；(II)石油性沉積物：峽谷及東南大陸棚的沉積物，受颱風影響再懸浮而進入峽谷；(III)燃燒性沉積物：西北大陸棚的沉積物，受颱風影響再懸浮後，經峽谷往深海輸出；(IV)燃燒性之陸源顆粒：颱風引發之異重濁流層顆粒，主要特徵為煤和生質燃燒；(V)石油性之陸源顆粒：於峽谷源頭的位置，因颱風造成的人為PAHs輸出訊號終止。此一結果證實PAHs可用來追蹤顆粒在環境中的傳輸與宿命。

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are took high notice of their carcinogenic and mutagenic effects. They are not easy degradation and have long half-life in the environment so that PAH sources could be used to identify the sources and transport of particles. In this study, the seasonal changes of PAH concentrations in Gaoping River were investigated and PAH flux of Gaoping River was also estimated. The comparison of riverine suspended particles and coastal surface sediments was used to discussed the sources and sink of particles in Gaoping Dispersal System. Furthermore, the particulate PAHs of the sediment trap (T7KP) deployed in Gaoping Submarine Canyon were used to trace typhoon (Kalmaegi) induced particulate transport and fluxes in Gaoping Dispersal System.
Annual riverine PAH flux (November 2006 to October 2007) of Gaoping River was estimated 2241 Kg including 18.0 and 2223 Kg in the dissolved and particulate phase, respectively. It is worth noting that flux caused by Typhoon Krosa alone accounted for 5.51% dissolved and 14.7% particulate PAHs. Distributions of rings and organic carbon normalized partition coefficients showed that PAHs in the wet season might not reach equilibrium between dissolved and particulate phase. Distinct source characteristics between riverine suspended particles and coastal surface sediments were identified: (I) particles in the wet season were petrogenic, this character could be seemed as the background signal in the Gaoping catchment, (II) particles in the dry season were pyrogenic from coal burning and vehicular emission, (III) sediments in northwestern shelf were pyrogenic including vehicular emission, coal burning and biomass burning, (IV) sediments in the canyon and southeastern shelf were mixed sources and the diesel signature was observed.
Results of PAHs in the sediment trap provide further evidence that submarine canyons are an effective conduit for transporting terrestrial contaminants such as PAHs, particularly as typhoon-related hyperpycnal plumes at river mouths and ensuing turbidity currents in the submarine canyon. Observations here show that two typhoon-triggered turbidity currents passed the sediment trap. The turbidity currents rapidly delivered terrestrial particles from estuary via submarine canyon to the deep ocean. These turbidity currents carried enormous amounts of particulate PAHs (510 Kg in 12.5 h), which accounted for 4.2% of the annual PAH flux from Gaoping River.
The PAH signature allowed the typhoon effect to be broken into five stages by the particulate sources: (I) marine particles: period before the typhoon effect, (II) petrogenic sediment: sediments resuspended by typhoon induced currents from the canyon and southeastern shelf, (III) pyrogenic sediment: particles resuspended from northwestern shelf and transport to deep ocean via submarine canyon by down-canyon flow, (IV) pyrogenic terrestrial particles (arrival of terrestrial particles): river plume impact with two turbidity currents with the signals of coal and biomass burning and (V) petrogenic terrestrial particles: end of typhoon discharge of anthropogenic PAHs to the canyon head. Results of PAHs could be used to trace the particulate transport and fate in the environment.

論文審定書 i
摘要 iii
ABSTRACT v
LIST OF TABLES xi
LIST OF FIGURES xii
Symbol and Abbreviation Table xv
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons 1
1.2 Fate of terrestrial matter 4
1.3 Gaoping Dispersal System 6
1.4 Background of Gaoping Dispersal System 7
1.5 Objectives 8
Chapter 2 Methodology 9
2.1 Sampling location 9
2.2 Sediment sample analytical procedures 9
2.3 Water sample analytical procedures 10
2.4 Quantification 12
2.5 Detection limit 12
2.6 Organic carbon and particle size analysis 14
2.7 Quality assurance and quality control 15
Chapter 3 PAHs in Gaoping River 16
3.1 Sampling 16
3.2 Water discharge and total suspended solid 17
3.3 Organic carbon and total nitrogen 18
3.4 PAH concentrations in GPR 20
3.5 The partition between the dissolved and particulate phases 25
3.6 The derived source identification in the particulate phase 28
3.6.1 Biological signature 28
3.6.2 Diagnostic ratios 30
3.7 Riverine fluxes 32
3.7.1 Fluxes of discharge, total suspended solid and organic carbon 32
3.7.2 PAH flux estimation 35
3.8 Fate of particles in Gaoping Dispersal System 38
3.9 Summary 44
Chapter 4 PAHs in GPSC during the typhoon effect 46
4.1 Sampling 46
4.2 PAH concentrations of trapped particles in GPSC 50
4.3 PAH concentrations in water column at the canyon head 55
4.4 PAH concentrations on suspended particles 58
4.5 The partition between the dissolved and particulate phases 61
4.6 Source identification 62
4.6.1 Proportion of parent PAHs 63
4.6.2 Biological sources 65
4.6.3 Diagnostic ratios 67
4.7 Principal component analysis 71
4.8 Particle and PAH mass flux 79
4.9 Particle and PAH fluxes carried by the two turbidity currents 82
4.10 Summary 85
Chapter 5 Conclusions and Suggestions 86
5.1 Conclusions 86
5.2 Suggestions for future works 88
References 90
Appendix 105
Author’s curriculum vitae 129

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