植物因環境壓力而產生應對的特徵稱為植物功能型特徵；植物功能型特徵能
反應植物所處的環境與植物的應變，並隨環境梯度而改變。在外來種入侵的研究
上，外來種與原生種功能型特徵的比較，常被用來探討外來種是否成功入侵的依
據，因此本研究使用比葉面積、高度與葉面積等三種功能型特徵來做為初步之探
討。以高雄市都會區九種生育地類型上之草本植物為研究對象，利用特徵值分析，
探討 1. 不同生育地之間特徵值組成是否有所不同，並找出代表該生育地的特徵組
成；2. 相同物種在不同生育地，是否會因環境而產生不同特徵值，特徵值的高低
能否代表物種優勢程度；3. 原生種與外來種特徵是否具有差異，屬於積極努力理
論或參與當地理論。結果顯示：1、九種生育地物種特徵值確實有所不同，並依該
生育地內的特徵值大小可將九種生育地區分成積極型生育地、保守型生育地與中
間型生育地等三型；2、物種的比葉面積值、葉面積值、植株高度這三種特徵值會
因所處生育地不同而有所不同，且特徵值的大小與該物種在生育地內所占有的覆
蓋度相關；3、九種生育地中，道路邊與人工設施的數據支持外來種積極努力假說，
其餘生育地的數據對積極努力與參與當地此二假說皆不支持。外來種的植株高度
在多數生育地皆顯著大於原生種，說明外來種在遭遇擾動後回復能力優於原生
種。原生種在積極型生育地葉面積值顯著大於外來種，代表在資源充足的地區原
生種仍有較好的爭取陽光與獲取養分的能力而使物種有較高的產量，而原生種與
外來種的比葉面積值則在不同的生育地上各有優勢。

Plant functional traits are those plant characteristic adjusted to environmental stress.
They can reflect the environment conditions plants occupied in some degrees, and also
indicate how plant adjust to the change along environmental gradients. Recent studies
on the plant functional trait differences between native and alien species have been used
to show how aliens plants can be succeed in their invasions. This study used specific
leaf area, height, leaf area of the herbaceous plants from 9 habitat types in Kaohsiung
city to address the following questions: 1. Do different habitats have different trait
values; and if so, what are characteristic trait values for each habitat? 2. Does the same
species have different trait in different habitats, and can the value represents dominance?
3. Are the trait values of native and alien species different? And if so, can the
differences explained by to try-hard or join-the-locals theory. The results indicated:
1. nine current habitat types can be grouped in to three functional groups:
aggressive, conservative and intermediate;
2. the plant specific leaf area, leaf area and height can be the indicator of its
dominance, higher trait value usually associated with larger coverage; and
3. the data from road side and artificial facilities supported try-hard theory of alien
species. The date from remain habitats supported neither try-hard nor
join-the-locals theory.

致 謝 ................................................................................................................................ ii
摘 要 ............................................................................................................................... iii
Abstract ............................................................................................................................ iv
目 錄 ................................................................................................................................ v
圖 次 ............................................................................................................................... vi
表 次 .............................................................................................................................. vii
第一章 前言 .............................................................................................................. 1
第二章 材料與方法 .................................................................................................. 6
第一節 樣區選擇 .................................................................................................... 6
第二節 生育地定義 ................................................................................................ 6
第三節 測量 ............................................................................................................ 7
第四節 分析 ............................................................................................................ 8
第三章 結果 ............................................................................................................. 11
第一節 九種生育地間特徵值比較 ....................................................................... 11
第二節 相同物種在不同生育地的特徵值比較 .................................................. 13
第三節 原生種與外來種的比較 .......................................................................... 19
第四章 討論 ............................................................................................................ 22
第一節 樣區選取 .................................................................................................. 22
第二節 九種生育地特徵值比較 .......................................................................... 22
第三節 相同物種在不同生育地的比較 .............................................................. 25
第四節 九種生育地原生種與外來種的比較 ...................................................... 27
第五章 結論 ........................................................................................................... 30
第六章 引用文獻 .................................................................................................... 31

李國維(2012)。屏東縣平地及沿海地區外來植物物種與分布之研究。碩士論文。
國立屏東科技大學，熱帶農業暨國際合作所，屏東縣。
沈明來 (2001)，生物統計學入門，九州圖書文化有線公司，台北市。
林震岩 (2007)，多變量分析，智勝文化事業有限公司，台北市。
金恆鑣(譯) (2002)，生態學: 概念與應用，麥格羅希爾，台北市。
孫豪廷(2009)。台灣北部人為活動與環境因子對外來植物多樣性之影響。碩士論文，國立台灣師範大學生命科學所，台北市。
國立台灣大學 (2012)，外來入侵植物全國現狀調查計畫，國立台灣大學，台北市。
張林、羅天祥、鄧坤枚、李文華 (2008)，雲南松比葉面積和葉乾物質含量隨冠層高度的垂直變化規律，北京大學林業學報，第30卷，頁40-44 。
郭昱君(2008)。土地利用變遷對入侵植物分布之影響ー以墾丁國家公園銀合歡為例。碩士論文，國立台灣大學生態學與演化生物學研究所，台北市。
陳榮坤 (2011)，數位影像在測量植物葉面積之應用，台南區農業專訊，76期，頁8-9。
劉建、李鈞敏、余華、何維明、于飛海、桑衛國、劉國方、董鳴 (2010)，植物功能性狀與外來植物入侵，生物多樣性，第18卷，頁569-576。
Ackerly, D. D. and Cornwell, W. K. (2007), A trait-based approach to community assembly: partitioning of species trait values into within- and among-community components. Ecology Letters 10, 135–145.
Alejandro, O., Wright, I. J., and Olff, H. (2010), Functional differences between native and alien species: a global-scale comparison. Functional Ecology 10, 65-74.
Bradshaw, C., Giam, X., Tan, H. T. W., Brook, B. W., and Sodhi, N. S. (2008), Threat or invasive status in legumes is related to opposite extremes of the same ecological and life history attributes. Journal of Ecology 96, 869-883.
Cornelissen, J. H. C., Lavorel, S., Garnier, E., Diaz, S., Buchmann, N., Gurvich, D. E., Reich, P. B., ter Steege, H., Morgan, H. D., van der Heijden, M. G. A., Pausas, J. G., and Poorter, H. (2003), A handbook of protocols for standardised and easy measurement of plant functional traits worldwide. Australian Journal of Botany 51, 335-380.
Craine, J. M. (2005), Reconciling plant strategy theories of Grime and Tilman. Journal of Ecology 93, 1041-1052.
Craine, J. M. (2007), Plant strategy replies to Grime and Tilman. Journal of Ecology 95, 235-240.
Crawley, M., Harvey, P., and Purvis, A. (1996), Comparative ecology of the native and alien floras of the British Isles. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B: Biological Sciences 351, 1251-1259.
Davidson, A.M., Jennions, M., and Nicotra, A.B. (2011), Do invasive species show higher phenotypic plasticity than native species and, if so, is it adaptive? A meta-analysis. Ecology Letters 14, 419–431.
Díaz, S. and Cabido, M. (2001), Vive la différence: plant functional diversity matters to ecosystem processes. TRENDS in Ecology & Evolution 16, 646-655.
Dijkstra, P. (1989), Cause and consequence of differences in specific leafarea. pp. 125-140. In: Causes and consequences of variation in growth rate and productivity of higher plants. Lambers, H., Cambridge, M. L., Konings, H., and Pons,T.L., eds. SPB Academic Publishers, TheHa gue.
Ellsworth, D. S. and Reich, P. B. (1993), Canopy structure and vertical patterns of photosynthesis and related leaf traits in a deciduous forest. Oecologia 96, 169-178.
Falster, D. S. and Westoby M. (2003), Plant height and evolutionary games. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 18, 337-343.
Givnish, T. J. (1995), Botanical Scaling. Science 268, 313-314.
Grime, J. P. (1979), Plant Strategies and Vegetation Processes. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester.
Grime, J. P. (2001), Plant strategies, Vegetation Process and Ecosystem Properties, 2nd. edn. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester.
Grime, J. P. (2007), Plant strategy theories: A comment on Craine (2005). Journal of Ecology 95, 227-230.
Grotkopp, E. and Rejmánek, M. (2007), High seedling relative growth rate and specific leaf area are traits of invasive species: Phylogenetically independent contrasts of woody angiosperms. American Journal of Botany 94, 4 526-532.
Hamilton, M. A., Murray, M. A., Cadotte, M. W., Hose, G. C., Baker, A. C., Harris, C. J., and Licari, D. (2005) Life-history correlates of plant invasiveness at regional and continental scales. Ecology Letters 8, 1066–1074.
Kyle, G. and Leishman, M. R. (2009), Functional traits difference between extant exotic, native and extinct native plants in the Hunter River, NSW: A potential tool in riparian rehabilitation. River Research and Applications 25, 892-903.
Laughlin, D. C., Jessica, J. L., Margaret, M. M., and Carolyn, H. S. (2010), A multi-trait test of the leaf-height-seed plant strategy scheme with 133 species from a pine forest flora. Functional Ecology 24, 493-501.
McIntyre, S., Diaz, S., Lavorel, S., and Cramer, W. (1999), Plant functional types and disturbance dynamics - Introduction. Journal of Vegetation Science 10, 604-608.
Moles, A. T., Warton, D. I., Warman, L., Swenson, N. G., Laffan, S. W., Zanne, A. E., Pitman, A., Hemmings, F. A., and Leishman, M. R. (2009), Global patterns in plant height. Journal of Ecology 97, 923-932.
Mooney, H. A., Field, C., Gulmon, S. L., and Bazzaz, F. A. (1981), Photosynthetic capacity in relation to leaf position in desert versus old-field annuals. Oecologia 50, 109 - 112.
Ordonez, A., Wright, I. J. and Olff, H. (2010), Functional differences between native and alien species: a global-scale comparison. Functional Ecology 24, 1353-1361.
Reich, P. B., Uhl, C., Walters, M. B., and Ellsworth, D. S. (1991), Leaf lifespan as a determinant of leaf structure and function among 23 amazonian tree species. Oecologia 86, 16-24.
Reich, P. B., Walters, M. B., and Ellsworth D. S. (1992), Leaf life-span in relation to leaf, plant, and stand characteristics among diverse ecosystems. Ecological Monographs 62, 365-392.
Reich, P. B., Koike, T., Gower, S. T., and Schoettle, A. W. (1995), Causes and consequences of variation in conifer leaf life- span. pp. 225-254. In: Smith W. W. K., and Hinckley T. M., eds. Ecophysiology of Coniferous Forests Academic Press, San Diego.
Richardson, D. M., Pyšek, P., Rejmánek, M., Barbour, M. G., Panetta, F. D., West, C. J. (2000), Naturalization and invasion of alien plants: concepts and definitions. Diversity and Distributions, 6, 93–107.
Schneider, C. A, Rasband, W. S., and Eliceiri, K. W. (2012), NIH Image to ImageJ: 25 years of image analysis. Nature Methods 9, 671-675.
Smith, F. R. (2010), Using plant functional types to compare vegetation structure of alien-invaded and uninvaded Acacia nilotica savannas. South African Journal of Botany 76, 365– 368.
SPSS Inc. Released 2008. SPSS statistics for Window. version 17.0. SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Tecco, P. A., Diaz, S., Cabido, M,. and Urcelay, C. (2010), Functional traits of alien plants across contrasting climatic and land-use regimes: do aliens join the locals or try harder than them? Journal of Ecology 98, 17-27.
Thompson, K., Hodgson, J.G., and Rich, T. C. G. (1995), Native and alien invasive plants: more of the same? Ecography 18, 390–402.
Thompson, K. and McCarthy, M. A. (2008), Traits of British alien and native urban plants. Journal of Ecology 96, 853-859.
Weiher, E., van der Werf, A., Thompson, K., Roderick, M., Garnier, E., and Eriksson, O. (1999), Challenging Theophrastus: a common core list of plant traits for functional ecology. Journal of Vegetation Science 10, 609–620.
Westoby, M. (1998), A leaf-height-seed (LHS) plant ecology strategy scheme. Plant and Soil 199, 213-227.
Wright, I. J., Westoby, M., Reich, P. B., Ackerly, D. D., Baruch, Z., Bongers, F., Cavender-Bares, J., Chapin, T., Cornelissen, J. H. C., Diemer, M., Flexas, J., Garnier, E., Groom, P. K., Gulias, J., Hikosaka, K., Lamont, B. B., Lee, T., Lee, W., Lusk, C., Midgley, J. J., Navas, M. L., Niinemets, Ü., Oleksyn, J., Osada, N., Poorter, H., Poot, P., Prior, L., Pyankov, V. I., Roumet, C., Thomas, S. C., Tjoelker, M. G., Veneklaas, E. J., and l Villar, R. (2004), The worldwide leaf economic spectrum. Nature 428, 821–827.