高雄為台灣的工業重鎮，其所排放的大量空氣污染物對於高屏地區影響甚大，而含汞污染物也名列其中。近年來，中國大陸工業發展迅速，蓬勃的工業活動消耗大量的能源，並導致含汞污染物排放至大氣中。此外，東南亞地區為全球主要生質燃燒發生地區，大面積的露天燃燒產生大量含汞污染物逸散至大氣中，於冬、春季期間，季風挾帶著含汞污染物進行跨境長距離傳輸。台灣位於亞洲季風區之下風處，污染物經由冷熱氣團交會造成下洗或以乾濕沉降等機制降至地表及水域中，透過疊加效應使得台灣地區的空氣品質受到不良影響。
職是之故，本研究採用行政院環境檢驗所公告之「空氣中汞檢測方法－冷蒸氣原子螢光光譜儀法」(NIEA A304.10C) (即為美國國家環境保護局公告之IO-5)，於秋、冬高污染季節，分別於南台灣高屏地區之工業區、都會區及背景區等三處不同型態區域之採樣站，執行大氣中總氣態汞(TGM)、氣態氧化汞(GOM)與顆粒汞(PHg) 同步量測與分析，藉以瞭解高污染季節南台灣地區大氣汞時空分佈趨勢。配合NOAA-HYSPLIT Model 逆軌跡模式與全球火點分佈圖(Global Fire Map)進行污染氣團傳輸路徑與污染源推估，並且與氣象參數及其他空氣污染物進行相關性分析與探討。此外，本研究亦蒐集世界各國不同型態採樣站之大氣汞量測值加以比較分析。由各測站大氣汞量測結果得知，冬、春季高污染期間，南台灣高屏地區大氣汞濃度季節變化以冬季高於春季為主要趨勢，若單就各站大氣汞污染物濃度而言，高雄前金及小港站為冬季>春季；而屏東車城站為春季>冬季。本研究採樣期間，
GEM、GOM 及PHg 濃度範圍分別為1.25~11.85 ng/m3，7.17~497.19 pg/m3及0.02~1.16 ng/m3。另就空間分佈而言，冬、春兩季皆為高雄小港>高雄前金>屏東車程。大氣汞氣固相分佈則以TGM(GEM+GOM)為主要成份，TGM 及PHg 分別佔97.01~87.82%和2.99~12.18%。此結果顯示，高雄地區大氣汞濃度受到工業型排放影響甚大，而屏東車城地區則屬於都會型排放之影響。此外，GOM 佔總大氣汞濃度比例由高至低依序為高雄小港(1.67%)>屏東車程(1.34%)>高雄前金(1.23%)，由此可知，高雄小港地區的工業排放使得當地GOM 濃度較高，而屏東車城位於高雄的下風處，將上風處污染物傳輸至此地區，且春季期間當地亦發現生質燃燒情形，對於大氣汞污染物具有一定程度的貢獻量。由本研究所繪製之逆軌跡傳輸路徑及東亞地區火點分佈圖顯示，冬季採樣期間，污染氣團由中國大陸華北及東北地區向南傳輸，污染氣團夾雜著含汞污染物藉由東北季風傳送至南台灣地區。而春季採樣期間的污染氣團傳輸路徑則有些微改變，高雄前金及小港地區之污染氣團主要來自中國大陸北方，但受到北方高壓影響，氣團傳輸路徑先出海後再迴流向南傳輸；而屏東車城地區的氣團傳輸路徑則主要來自東南方海面。
另與台灣及世界各主要都市大氣汞濃度比較得知，台灣地區大氣汞濃度的分佈與都會區及工業區的密集度有甚大的關聯性，工業活動越密集的區域，大氣汞污染程度有越嚴重的趨勢，與東亞地區各國比較，高屏地區的大氣汞濃度普遍低於中國大陸城市，但比日本、韓國及歐美城市要來得嚴重，而歐美地區由於大氣汞的監測技術與相關研究較亞洲地區發展得早，對於大氣汞的相關管制策略也相對成熟；因此，歐美地區的大氣汞濃度相較於亞洲及地區要來得低。

Kaohsiung, an industrial city with a large amount of air pollution emission,including mercury-containing pollutants, which has great impact on the ambient air quality of Kaohsiung-Pingtung region. In recent years, rapid industrial development in China and the blooming industrial activities consumed a lot of energy, resulting in mercury-containing pollutants emitted to the atmosphere. In addition, Southeast Asia is the one of main regions burning biomass in the world, where open burning activities contribute to regional mercury emissions. In winter and spring, monsoon entrainment with mercury contaminants is long-range transported to the downwind region. Taiwan is located at the downwind of the Asian monsoon region, the dry and wet deposition mechanisms and the intersection of cold and warm fronts caused downwash which make air pollutants deposit down to the lands and waters. Superimposition mechanisms result in the deterioration of ambient air quality in Taiwan.
Accordingly, to understand the spatiotemporal distribution of atmospheric mercury pollution in southern Taiwan, this study applied “Mercury in Air Detection Method - Cold Vapor Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry Method” (NIEA A304.10C) adopted from Method IO-5 of United States Environmental Protection Agency to sample and analyze atmospheric mercury in winter and spring seasons, the highest polluted seasons. Field measurement of GEM, GOM, and PHg were conducted at three sampling sites, representing metropolitan, industrial, and background regions, respectively, in southern Taiwan.
In order to determine the transportation routes of air masses, this study applied the NOAA-HYSPLIT Model, Global Fire Map, and integrated meteorological parameters correlation for discussion. In addition, this study reviewed previousliterature of atmospheric mercury concentrations measured in other countries for further comparative analysis.
Field measurement results showed that, during the highly polluted periods, the
concentrations of atmospheric mercury in the Kaohsiung and Pingtung areas of southern Taiwan in winter were higher than those in spring. Particularly, Qianjin and Xiaogang sites had higher atmospheric mercury concentrations in winter than those in spring, while an opposite trend was observed at the Checheng site. During the investigation period, GEM, GOM, and PHg concentrations were in the range of 1.25~11.85 ng/m3, 7.17~497.19 pg/m3, and 0.02~1.16 ng/m3, respectively. The temporal distribution of atmospheric mercury concentration showed that Xiaogang (industrial) > Qianjin (urban) > Checheng (background). The main species of atmospheric mercury was TGM (GEM+GOM) which apportioned as 97.01~87.82% and PHg apportioned as 2.99~12.18% of TAM. These results indicated that atmospheric mercury concentrations were mainly influenced by industrial emissions which are abundant in Kaohsiung, while atmospheric mercury concentrations in Pingtung were influenced by metropolitan emission. Furthermore, the spatial distribution of GOM concentration was ordered as: Xiaogang (1.66%) > Checheng (1.26%) > Qianjin (1.22%). It was observed that the industrial emissions contributed to higher GOM concentration in Kaohsiung, while Pingtung is located at the downwind site of Kaohsiung, where air pollutants could be transported by monsoons or local winds from the upwind areas. Moreover, biomass burning frequently
occurring in spring also contributed high concentration of atmospheric mercury at the
Checheng site.
Backward trajectories and global fire map both showed that polluted air
masses containing mercury contaminants were blown from the northern and
northeastern China toward the southern Taiwan by the northeastern Monsoons. Duringthe spring sampling period, the transportation routes of polluted air mass changed slightly, where Xiaogang and Qianjin came mainly from the northern China and influenced by the high pressure system covering the Northeast Asia. The air masses were transported to the East China Sea and then moved a large-scale circulation of wind (anticyclone) southward, while the transportation routes of polluted air mass at Checheng came mainly from the southeastern ocean region. Compared with other cites, the atmosphere mercury concentration measured in southern Taiwan were relatively higher due to densely industrial activities. Further compared with other East Asian countries, the atmospheric mercury concentrations in Kaohsiung and Pingtung were generally lower than China, but higher than Japan, Korea as well as European and American countries, since the development of mercury sampling and abatement technologies in Europe and America were much earlier and thus more advanced than those in Asia. Therefore, the atmospheric mercury concentrations in Asia were mostly higher than those in Europe and North America.

審定書………………….........................…………………………………………………………….i
謝誌…………………………………….……...............…………………………..........................ii
摘要………………...........................……….....................................................................iii
目錄……………..........………………………....................................................................viii
表目錄………………………………………….....................................................................xi
圖目錄…………………………………………………………........................................................xii
第一章 前言……………………………………………………….............................................................1
1-1 研究緣起…………………………………………....………….............................................1
1-2 研究目的……………………………………………....………............................................ 2
1-3 研究範圍與架構………………………………………....…................................................2
第二章 文獻回顧……………………………………………...…...............................................5
2-1 汞之背景介紹.……………….……………………………..................................................5
2-1-1 汞的基本特性………………………………………........................................................5
2-1-2 大氣汞的型態及組成成份…………………………….....................................................6
2-1-3 大氣汞的來源及循環………………………………….....................................................9
2-2 汞的健康風險………………………………………………...............................................12
2-2-1 汞的暴露危害標準……………………………………...................................................12
2-2-2 汞的毒性與危害性……………………………………...................................................14
2-3 大氣汞量測方法……………………………………………...............................................17
2-3-1 大氣汞量測技術演進…………………………………...................................................17
2-3-2 不同型態大氣汞採樣及分析方法……………………...................................................18
2-4 逆軌跡模式之原理與應用…………………………………...............................................22
2-4-1 逆軌跡模式之原理……………………………………...................................................22
2-5-2 逆軌跡模式之應用……………………………………...................................................23
2-6 國內外大氣汞相關研究……………………………………...............................................24
第三章 研究方法………………………………………………….............................................33
3-1 大氣汞採樣規劃……………………………………………...............................................33
3-1-1 採樣地點規劃…………………………………………...................................................33
3-1-2 採樣時間規劃…………………………………………...................................................33
3-2 大氣汞採樣方法……………………………………….……..............................................34
3-2-1 TGM、GOM 及PHg 採樣前處理步驟………………..................................................35
3-2-2 TGM 採樣步驟………..………………………………..................................................39
3-2-3 GOM 量測步驟....………..……………..……………..................................................41
3-2-4 PHg 量測步驟....………..…………………………....……...........................................43
3-3 大氣汞分析方法與步驟………………………………….…..............................................44
3-3-1 TGM分析方法與步驟…………………………………..................................................45
3-3-2 GOM 分析方法與步驟………………………………....................................................47
3-3-3 PHg 分析方法與步驟……………..…………………....…............................................47
3-4 大氣汞採樣及分析之品保與品管(QA/QC)………………............................................... 48
3-5 冷蒸氣原子螢光光譜儀……………………………………...............................................52
3-6 污染源解析方法……………………………………………...............................................53
3-6-1 逆軌跡模式…………………………………………............................................….......53
3-6-2 全球火點分佈圖………………………………………...................................................54
第四章 結果與討論……………………………………………….............................................56
4-1 高屏地區氣象條件分析…………………………………...…............................................56
4-1-1 風速與風向…………….…………………………......……............................................56
4-1-2 濕度與降雨量………………...………………………....…............................................59
4-2 TGM 與GOM 驗證與測試………………………………..…............................................60
4-2-1 金汞齊吸附管空白測試...……………………………...................................................60
4-2-2 金汞齊吸管穿透率實驗...……………………………...... ............................................61
4-2-3 石英擴散管吸附試驗…………………………………...................................................61
4-3 高屏地區大氣汞時空分佈……..…..………………….....................................................62
4-3-1 台灣高屏地區GEM、GOM及PHg之時間分佈…..…..................................................63
4-3-2 台灣高屏地區氣固相分佈…………………….…..…...................................................67
4-3-3 台灣高屏地區GEM、GOM及PHg之空間分佈…..…..................................................69
4-4 南台灣高屏地區大氣汞污染源解析………………………...............................................70
4-4-1 污染氣團傳輸路徑分析………………………………...................................................71
4-4-2 全球火點監測分析……………………………………...................................................74
4-4-3 大氣汞濃度、氣象參數及空氣污染物之相關性………………………………………….....80
4-5 高屏地區大氣汞濃度與台灣及世界主要城市比較………. ..………………………………….83
第五章 結論與建議………………………………………………..………………………………….90
5-1 結論………………………………………………………………………………………………..90
5-2 建議……………………………………………………………………………….………….......92
參考文獻…………………………………………………………...………………………………....94
附錄A 汞標準品體積與溫度關係……………………………................................................109

表目錄 頁次
表 2-1 汞及其化合物之物理及化學特性………….............................................……………...5
表 2-2 汞於環境中的反應………………………………………….………………………………….8
表 2-3 建議容許汞吸入劑量標準…………..…………………….………………………………….13
表 2-4 大氣汞之採樣及分析方法總覽……………………………...........................................19
表 2-5 空氣中GOM 檢測方法比較表……………………………............................................22
表 3-1 高屏地區大氣汞採樣站環境描述彙整表…………………...........................................34
表 3-2 GEM 檢量線製備濃度及差異百分比……………………............................................49
表 3-3 GOM & PHg 檢量線製備濃度及差異百分比………...…...........................................50
表 4-1 採樣期間各站相對濕度及雨量彙整表………..…………............................................60
表 4-2 金汞齊吸附管空白測試結果彙整表..……………………............................................61
表 4-3 金汞齊吸附穿透率測試結果彙整表…………..…………............................................61
表 4-4 GOM石英擴散管空白試驗結果彙整表………... ...……….........................................62
表 4-5 GOM石英擴散管穿透試驗結果彙整表………... ...……….........................................62
表 4-6 本研究採樣期間各月大氣汞濃度彙整表……..........…..............................................66
表 4-7 氣態氧化汞佔總大氣比例…………………………………...........................................69
表 4-8 前金站大氣汞濃度、氣象參數與各污染物相關性彙整表...........................................81
表 4-9 小港站大氣汞濃度、氣象參數與各污染物相關性彙整表...........................................82
表 4-10 車城站大氣汞濃度、氣象參數與各污染物相關性彙整表.........................................83
表 4-11 高屏地區與台灣及世界各國大氣汞濃度比較…………….........................................88
表 4-12 高屏地區與台灣及世界各國大氣汞濃度比較(續)………..........................................89
表 4-13 高屏地區與台灣及世界各國大氣汞濃度比較(續)………..........................................90
表 A-1 汞標準品體積與溫度關係表……………………………........................................…111
表 A-2 汞標準品體積與溫度關係表………….……..………........................................…....113

圖目錄 頁次
圖 1-1 研究架構流程圖………………………………………..........................................…...…4
圖 2-1 2010 年人為排放源之排放量相對分佈……………….........................................……10
圖 2-2 2010 年全球大氣汞排放量分佈圖……………………….........................................…11
圖 2-3 大氣汞循環示意圖……………………………………...........................................……12
圖 2-4 汞對於人體健康之影響…………………………...........................................…………16
圖 2-5 1990-2005 年全球大氣汞預估人為源排放量…...…........................................………25
圖 2-6 四個研究區域及全球總汞排放源……………………..........................................…….25
圖 2-7 不同因子污染物濃度貢獻率………………………...........................................………27
圖 2-8 首爾及春川市冬季期間逆軌跡圖…………………...........................................………29
圖 2-9 首爾及春川市夏季期間逆軌跡圖……………………...........................................……29
圖 2-10 亞洲地區火點分佈圖……………………………..……..........................................…31
圖 3-1 高屏地區大氣汞採樣站位置圖…..…………………..….........................................….34
圖 3-2 大氣汞(含TGM及PHg)量測裝置示意圖與實體圖……............................................…35
圖 3-3 金汞齊吸附管…………...……………………………..........................................…….37
圖 3-4 採集GOM 之環形擴散管…….………………………………………………………………37
圖 3-5 KCl 擴散管於管狀爐進行熱脫附…......…………………………………………………….39
圖 3-6 PHg 採樣用之開放式濾紙匣實體……...…………………………………………….....…..44
圖 3-7 汞標準氣體產生氣與專用氣針………. …………………….........................................46
圖 3-8 元素汞標準品檢量線(GEM 濃度適用)……….…………….........................................49
圖 3-9 元素汞標準品檢量線(GOM & PHg 濃度適用)…………….........................................50
圖 3-10 冷蒸氣原子螢光光譜儀(CVAFS)………………………….........................................53
圖 3-11 HYSPLIT 網站…………..………………………………….........................................54
圖 3-12 全球火點分佈圖(FIRMS Web Fire Mapper)………….............................................55
圖 4-1 冬季前金站風玫圖…………………………..……………............................................57
圖 4-2 冬季小港站風玫圖…………………………………………...........................................57
圖 4-3 冬季車城站風玫圖…………………………………………...........................................57
圖 4-4 冬季前金站風速分佈圖………………….....……………............................................57
圖 4-5 冬季小港站風速分佈圖…………………………….…….............................................57
圖 4-6 冬季車城站風速分佈圖…………………………….…….............................................57
圖 4-7 春季前金站風玫圖………………………………….…….............................................58
圖 4-8 春季小港站風玫圖……………………………………...…...........................................58
圖 4-9 春季小港站風玫圖…………………………………..……............................................58
圖 4-10 春季前金站風速分佈圖….………………………………...........................................58
圖 4-11 春季前金站風速分佈圖…………………………………….........................................58
圖 4-12 春季前金站風速分佈圖………………………...………….........................................58
圖 4-13 南台灣高屏地區GEM、GOM 及PHg 濃度之季節變化........................................…64
圖 4-14 採樣期間高雄前金站不同型態大氣汞濃度逐日變化趨勢圖………..……………………65
圖 4-15 採樣期間高雄小港站不同型態大氣汞濃度逐日變化趨勢圖......................................65
圖 4-16 採樣期間屏東車城站不同型態大氣汞濃度逐日變化趨勢圖….........................………65
圖 4-17 大氣汞氣固相分佈比例…………………………...……….........................................68
圖 4-18 南台灣高屏地區大氣汞濃度空間………...……………….........................................72
圖 4-19 冬季高雄前金污染玫瑰圖………………………………….........................................73
圖 4-20 冬季高雄小港污染玫瑰圖………..………………………..........................................73
圖 4-21 冬季屏東車城污染玫瑰圖……………………..…………..........................................73
圖 4-22 春季高雄前金污染玫瑰圖……………………………..…..........................................73
圖 4-23 春季高雄小港污染玫瑰圖………………..………………..........................................73
圖 4-24 春季屏東車城污染玫瑰圖…………………………..……..........................................73
圖 4-25 高雄前金12 月逆軌跡圖…………………….........................................……………..75
圖 4-26 高雄小港12 月逆軌跡圖………………………….........................................………..75
圖 4-27 屏東車城12 月逆軌跡圖………………………….........................................………..75
圖 4-28 高雄前金1 月逆軌跡圖……………….……….…….........................................……..75
圖 4-29 高雄小港1 月逆軌跡圖…………………………..….........................................……..75
圖 4-30 屏東車城1 月逆軌跡圖…………..………………………...........................................75
圖 4-31 高雄前金2 月逆軌跡圖……..……………………………...........................................76
圖 4-32 高雄小港2 月逆軌跡圖……..……………………………...........................................76
圖 4-33 屏東車城2 月逆軌跡圖……………..……………………...........................................76
圖 4-34 高雄前金3 月逆軌跡圖..…………………………………...........................................76
圖 4-35 高雄小港3 月逆軌跡圖……..……………………………...........................................76
圖 4-36 屏東車城3 月逆軌跡圖……..……………………………...........................................76
圖 4-37 高雄前金4 月逆軌跡圖..…………………………………...........................................77
圖 4-38 高雄小港4 月逆軌跡圖…………………..………………...........................................77
圖 4-39 屏東車城4 月逆軌跡圖………………………………….............................................77
圖 4-40 高雄前金5 月逆軌跡圖………………………………….............................................77
圖 4-41 高雄小港5 月逆軌跡圖……..……………………………...........................................77
圖 4-42 屏東車城5 月逆軌跡圖……………………………..……...........................................77
圖 4-43 冬季期間高雄前金站污染氣團傳輸路徑百分比與濃度分佈…………………...............78
圖 4-44 冬季期間高雄小港站污染氣團傳輸路徑百分比與濃度分佈………………………..…...78
圖 4-45 冬季期間屏東車城站污染氣團傳輸路徑百分比與濃度分佈.…...............……………..78
圖 4-46 春季期間高雄前金站污染氣團傳輸路徑百分比與濃度分佈………….……………........79
圖 4-47 春季期間高雄小港站污染氣團傳輸路徑百分比與濃度分佈……………………………..79
圖 4-48 春季期間屏東車城站污染氣團傳輸路徑百分比與濃度分佈……………………............79
圖 4-49 大氣汞採樣期間亞洲地區火點分佈圖…………………….........................................80

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NASA FIRMS Web Fire Mapper: https://firms.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/firemap/
NOAA Air Resources Laboratory: http://ready.arl.noaa.gov/HYSPLIT.php
United States Environment Protection Agency: http://www.epa.gov/mercury/
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution: http://www.whoi.edu/news-release/mercury-in-global-ocean
World Health Organization: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs361/en/