長久以來，含氯有機溶劑為地下水中常見有機污染物，尤其是三氯乙烯之污染最普遍。本研究場址曾因含氯有機物之洩漏及不當使用而造成地下水體之污染，經水質檢驗分析結果得知場址地下水中含有較高濃度之含氯有機物，如三氯乙烯(trichloroethylene, TCE)及1,1-二氯乙烯(1,1-Dichloroethylene,1,1-DCE)，其檢出濃度高於第二類監測基準(0.05及0.07 mg/L)，且污染團有隨地下水往下游移動之趨勢。
有鑑於此，本研究運用美國試驗及材料協會所發展之「風險基準矯正行動」準則、行政院環境保護署所建置之「土壤及地下水污染場址健康風險評估評析方法」、@RISK及BIOCHLOR等程式軟體，進行該受含氯有機物污染場址之健康風險評估，探討各環境介質、關切化學物質與暴露人體途徑等之健康風險並將之量化。
研究方法首先以BOIOCHLOR模式進行自然衰減率之模擬，並分析輸入參數對模式本身的敏感性；繼而利用透水係數與濃度之關係導出自然衰減率，並代入風險基準矯正行動評估準則(Risk Based Corrective Action, RBCA)之數學模式中，計算整治標準和風險度評估，並應用以巨集方式寫於EXCEL試算表之@RISK商用軟體，進行蒙地卡羅分析95%累計風險機率分佈情形。
經自然衰減評析表確認，本含氯有機物污染場址有充分證據顯示，有機物能於厭氧環境下生物降解，在加入自然衰減率並經蒙地卡羅法分析結果得知，三氯乙烯暴露途徑為攝食時，在累計機率為95%時，其分布值為2.61×10-5；密閉空間蓄積吸入途徑在累計機率為95%時分布值為1.461×10-5；大氣擴散吸入途徑累計機率為95%時分布值為2.17×10-6，以上統計分析結果均較我國環保署訂定之百萬分之一(10-6)為高，對人體健康存在致癌危險之威脅。在非致癌風險分析結果方面，1,1-二氯乙烯攝食暴露途徑之非致癌風險累計機率為95%時分布為0.53小於環保署訂定之危害指數為1(<1)的規定，不會對人體健康造成威脅；密閉空間蓄積吸入途徑在累計機率95%時分布為0.09；擴散於大氣中之吸入途徑累計機率為95%時分布值為0.012低於危害指數1的規定，因此在吸入之途徑對人體健康均不會造成。
地下水中三氯乙烯之場址特定目標濃度(site specific target level, SSTL) 以暴露途徑為吸入密閉空間蓄積之蒸汽的風險最高，此途徑SSTL整治目標值為6.91×10-2 mg/L較地下水管制標準0.05 mg/L來得寬鬆；而1,1-二氯乙烯也是吸入密閉空間蓄積之蒸汽的風險最高，其SSTL整治目標值為1.07×101 mg/L。相關性分析方面，關切污染濃度、透水係數與健康風險度呈正向線性關係，即表示關切污染濃度越高或透水係數越高，地下水攝食途徑之致癌風險就越大。
綜上所述，本研究場址健康風險評估結果，以傳輸介質為地下水時風險最大；暴露途徑則以地下水經汽化蒸散蓄積至室內並為人體吸收之途徑及地下水攝食兩途徑之風險最高。
由此可知，健康風險評估不但可提供人類健康適當的保護；評估污染場址健康風險的高低、釐清整治之必要性與急迫程度；也提供整治場址有用的資訊與提升整治成效、節省調查及整治的時間；建立土壤及地下水之整治目標及提供作為風險管理的重要決策依據。

Contamination by dense non aqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs) [e.g., trichloroethylene (TCE)] in soil and groundwater has become an issue of great concern in many industrialized counties. In this study, a chlorinated-compound spill site was selected as the case study site to evaluate the possible risk to site workers and local residents caused by the contaminated soil and groundwater. The contaminants of concern at this site were TCE and 1,1-Dichloroethylene (1,1-DCE). The detected concentrations for TCE and 1,1-DCE exceeded the control standards of 0.05 and 0.07 mg/L, respectively.
In this study, the Risk-based Corrective Action (RBCA) protocol developed by American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), health and risk assessment methods for soil and groundwater contaminated sites developed by Taiwan Environmental Protection Administration were applied for risk calculation and quantification. Monte Carlo analysis using @RISK software was applied for uncertainty analysis to calculate the cumulative risk at 95% probability distribution. Moreover, a natural attenuation model (BIOCHLOR) was used to evaluate the effectiveness of natural attenuation mechanisms on the chlorinated compounds.
Results from this study show that the occurrence of natural attenuation for the chlorinated compounds was confirmed through the anaerobic biodegradation processes. The calculated cumulative risk at 95% cumulative probability via ingestion route was 2.61×10-5 through the Monte Carlo analysis. The calculated cumulative risk at 95% cumulative probability via inhalation route and ambient (outdoor) vapor inhalation diffusion channels were 1.461×10-5 and 2.17×10-6, respectively. Because the calculated risk levels were higher than the target cancer risk is 1×10-6 described in Taiwan’s “Soil and Groundwater Remediation Act”, appropriate remedial actions are required to lower the risk to below the target level. Results also show that the calculated hazard index (HI) values of the contaminated site are lower than the acceptable level (HI < 1) described in the “Soil and Groundwater Remediation Act.”
To meet the target level of cancer risk of 1×10-6, TCE contaminated groundwater needs to be remediated to below the site specific target level (SSTL) for inhalation exposure routes in a confined space volume, which is 6.91 × 10-2 mg/L. Based on the results of risk assessment, it is very important for the decision makers to incorporate remedial activities including institutional controls, engineering controls, and remediation programs from RBCA results. This study provides a streamlined process and guidelines of developing the risk-based decision-making strategy for contaminated sites in Taiwan.

謝 誌 I
中文摘要 II
Abstract IV
目 錄 VI
圖目錄 IX
表目錄 XI
第一章 前言 1-1
1.1 研究緣起 1-1
1.2 研究目的 1-1
1.3 研究內容 1-2
第二章 文獻回顧 2-1
2.1 含氯有機物之相關特性 2-1
2.1.1 含氯有機物污染來源 2-1
2.1.2 對人體及環境之影響 2-3
2.1.3 DNAPL傳輸概念 2-5
2.1.4 含氯有機物主要衰減反應途徑 2-9
2.2 健康風險評估 2-10
2.2.1 健康風險評估之重要性 2-10
2.2.2 健康風險評估的定義與目的 2-10
2.2.3 國內法源依據 2-11
2.2.4 國內外風險評估之差異 2-12
2.2.5 健康風險評估模式的架構 2-13
2.2.6 概念模式建立 2-22
2.2.7 層次性健康風險評估 2-23
2.2.8 第一層次健康風險評估 2-28
2.2.9 第二層次健康風險評估 2-28
2.2.10 第三層次健康風險評估 2-29
2.3 不確定分析 2-30
2.3.1 不確定分析的起因與分類 2-31
2.3.2敏感度分析 2-34
2.3.3 蒙地卡羅方法 2-40
2.4 監測式自然衰減(monitored natural attenuation, MNA) 2-44
2.4.1 國外監測式自然衰減法相關法源 2-44
2.4.2 自然衰減法可行性評估 2-46
2.4.3 自然衰減優缺點及使用限制 2-47
第三章 評估模式介紹 3-1
3.1 RBCA健康風險評估模式 3-1
3.1.1 RBCA 模式原理 3-2
3.1.2 RBCA 模式之輸入參數 3-3
3.2 BIOCHLOR模式 3-5
3.2.1 BIOCHLOR模式使用限制 3-5
3.2.2 BIOCHLOR 模式原理 3-6
3.2.3 BIOCHLOR模式之輸入參數 3-7
3.2.4 參數與污染濃度衰減之敏感性分析結果與討論 3-10
3.2.5 自然衰減率的估算 3-14
第四章 場址背景介紹 4-1
4.1 背景資料 4-1
4.1.1 地下水位及流向 4-1
4.1.2 地下水質 4-4
4.1.3 地質概述 4-6
4.1.4 氣象概述 4-7
4.2關切污染物質 4-9
4.2.1 關切污染物質的判定 4-9
4.2.2 關切污染範圍劃定 4-9
4.2.3 關切污染物濃度彙整 4-12
4.2.4 評估基準 4-12
4.3 暴露評估 4-13
4.3.1場址特定水文地質資料 4-13
4.3.2 場址土地利用情形 4-14
4.3.3 場址概念模式與暴露途徑分析 4-14
第五章 研究方法 5-1
5.1敏感性分析方法 5-2
5.2 蒙地卡羅模擬技術分析原理 5-3
5.2.1 蒙地卡羅模擬技術分析方法 5-3
5.3 層次性健康風險評估 5-4
第六章 健康風險評估結果 6-1
6.1風險值推估 6-1
6.2 整治目標值推估 6-11
6.3 風險管理策略研擬 6-12
第七章 結論與建議 7-1
7.1 結論 7-1
7.2 建議 7-2
參考文獻 參-1
符號說明 符-1
附錄一 案例參數與出處 附錄1-1
附錄二 健康風險評估數學模式推導 附錄2-1
附錄三 風險基準篩選水準計算公式 附錄3-1
附錄四 參數變動定距自然衰減濃度變化情形 附錄4-1
附錄五 RBCA 1.3健康風險評估結果 附錄5-1

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