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博碩士論文 etd-0803110-162122 詳細資訊
Title page for etd-0803110-162122
論文名稱
Title
鹽類輔助微波加熱處理油/水乳化液之研究
The study of treatment of oil/water emulsions using salt-assisted microwave irradiation
系所名稱
Department
畢業學年期
Year, semester
語文別
Language
學位類別
Degree
頁數
Number of pages
107
研究生
Author
指導教授
Advisor
召集委員
Convenor
口試委員
Advisory Committee
口試日期
Date of Exam
2010-07-13
繳交日期
Date of Submission
2010-08-03
關鍵字
Keywords
乳化液、微波解乳化、鹽類、人工海水、最佳操作條件
microwave demulsification, emulsion, salt, artificial seawater, optimum operating conditions
統計
Statistics
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The thesis/dissertation has been browsed 5769 times, has been downloaded 1450 times.
中文摘要
諸多製程中產生之廢乳化液,不僅影響廢水處理效能,而且影響廢水排放品質。因此,這些廢乳化油必須經處理後方能排放至周遭環境。乳化液之解乳化方法已有相當研究成果,其中微波加熱解乳化方法為最有效率的處理方法,其不需添加化學藥品即可將乳化油中之油品回收再利用。乳化液微波加熱時,有二種機制同時產生,一為溫度快速提昇而降低乳化液之黏度,另一為造成水分子旋轉,使水分子外圍電荷重新排列而中和其界達電位,進而使水分子結合而分離。微波加熱解乳化過程中加入無機鹽類,已經證實可增加溶劑導電度而增加加熱效率,此程序,稱為鹽類輔助微波加熱。本研究,即以NaCl 及人工海水做為鹽類輔助微波解乳化所需之經濟性陽離子來源,藉由批式實驗方式,探討三種O/W型態(oil-in-water, 油在水中相)乳化液(礦物性油、植物性油、礦物性油/植物性油)特性及微波操作條件對其解乳化速率及分離效率之影響。
研究首先為對O/W型態切削油乳化液於加入NaCl進行微波加熱解乳化之探討,此部分包括微波時間、微波強度、NaCl加入量、沉降時間、pH及含油量對其分離效率之影響。經由一系列微波加熱解乳化測試,對於50 mL及含油量10 g/L 之切削油乳化液,在微波強度280 W、微波時間2 min、14 g/L NaCl加入量、60分鐘沉降時間及pH 9.5時之最佳操作條件下,可達93.8% 之分離效率。
第二個研究目的為以本研究提出的以海水輔助微波解乳化程序進行O/W切削油乳化液、橄欖油乳化液以及1:1切削油/橄欖油混合乳化液之微波加熱解乳化測試,對於50 mL及含油量10 g/L之切削油乳化液、橄欖油乳化液以及1:1切削油/橄欖油混合乳化液,在微波強度700 W、微波時間40 s、60 min沉降時間以及人工海水添加量分別為12% v/v、32% v/v、20% v/v時為其最佳操作條件,其分離效率分別為93.1%、92.6%、93.2%。在設定操作條件下,無機酸之加入使溶液之pH降低,明顯增加其解乳化效率,而12烷基硫酸鈉之界面活性劑(sodium dodecyl sulfate,SDS)之濃度增加,則造成分離效率降低。
此外,將實驗結果,以逐步迴歸分析方法可得一多變數經驗方程式,在去除分離效率 <40% 以及溶液溫度高於沸點之情況下,經由實驗所得之分離效率,皆可由此經驗方程式得到相當好之描述。此研究結果可提供O/W 型態乳化液進行鹽類補助微波解乳化時之基本資訊。
Abstract
Waste oil emulsions are generated in several manufacturing processes. Such emulsions not only affect the efficacy of wastewater treatment but also influence the water quality of the effluent. Therefore, these waste oil emulsions that have to be treated before being released into the environment. Many processes have been developed for demulsifying such materials and microwave irradiation has been shown to be most effective in this respect. It does not require the addition of chemicals and the oil recovered from the emulsion can be reused. With microwave irradiation, there are two main mechanisms occurring simultaneously. One is the rapid increase of temperature which reduces the viscosity of the emulsion. The other is molecular rotation, which neutralizes the Zeta potential because of the rearrangement of electrical charges surrounding the water droplets. Hence, water droplets coalesce and result in the separation of the emulsion. Addition of inorganic salts has also been shown to improve the efficiency of microwave irradiation in demulsification owing to an increase in solvent conductivity, which accelerates the heating rate. This process is termed salt-assisted microwave irradiation. In the present study, we propose that NaCl and artificial seawater can be an economical source of cations required in salt-assisted microwave demulsification. Our experiments included batch tests of emulsion characteristics and the effects of microwave operating conditions on demulsification rate and separation efficiency of three oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions (mineral oil, vegetable oil, and mineral-oil/vegetable-oil mix).
First study was aimed to examine the demulsification of an O/W cutting oil emulsion with the addition of NaCl under microwave irradiation. This work investigates the effect of a set of operating variables, including irradiation time, irradiation power, dosage of NaCl, settling time, pH and the initial oil concentration, on the separation efficiency in the treatment of an oil in water (O/W) type cutting oil emulsion by microwave assisted demulsification. As a result of a series of batch demulsification tests a set of optimum operating conditions was found, consisting of 2 min of microwave irradiation at 280 W, the addition of 14 g/L of NaCl, 60 min settling time, and at a pH of 9.5. A separation efficiency of 93.8% was obtained with these conditions for 50 mL of cutting oil emulsion with an initial oil content of 10 g/L.
The objective of the second study was to examine the demulsification of an O/W cutting oil emulsion, an olive oil emulsion, and a 1:1 cutting-oil/olive-oil emulsion mix, using a proposed process termed as seawater-assisted microwave irradiation demulsification. We conducted batch demulsification tests on 50-mL aliquots with an initial oil content of 10 g/L, and found that the separation efficiencies of a cutting oil emulsion, an olive oil emulsion, and a cutting-oil/olive-oil mix reached 93.1%, 92.6%, and 93.2%, respectively, using our optimum operating conditions, which were 40 sec of microwave irradiation at 700 W, a 60 min settling time, and addition of 12%, 32%, and 20% (all v/v) of artificial seawater, respectively. Using this set of operating conditions, a decrease in solution pH was found to significantly increase the demulsification efficiency after addition of inorganic acid, whereas an increase in the concentration of surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), resulted in a decrease in efficiency.
In addition, our test data were explored using a stepwise regression method, yielding a multi-variable equation. This empirical equation was able to describe separation efficiency rather well, after exclusion of tests showing separation efficiency below 40% and temperature higher than the boiling point. This study could provide essential information related to O/W emulsions using salt-assisted microwave demulsification.
目次 Table of Contents
謝誌 ...... I
摘要 ......II
ABSTRACT ......IV
TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... VII
LIST OF TABLES ...... X
LIST OF FIGURES ...... XI
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ...... 1
1.1 Background ....... 1
1.2 Objectives of research ....... 3
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW ....... 7
2.1 Demulsification and demulsification techniques . 7
2.2 Microwave and microwave demulsification ..... 8
CHAPTER 3 MATERIALS AND METHODS ...... 17
3.1 Preparation of emulsions ....... 17
3.1.1 Reagents and materials ....... 17
3.1.2 Cutting oil emulsion for salt-assisted microwave irradiation ...... 17
3.1.3 Cutting oil, olive oil, and 1:1 cutting-oil/olive-oil emulsion for seawater-assisted microwave irradiation ....... 18
3.2 Preparation of artificial seawater ...... 18
3.3 Demulsification Tests ...... 18
3.3.1 Demulsification of cutting oil emulsion using salt-assisted microwave irradiation ...... 18
3.3.2 Demulsification of cutting oil, olive oil, and 1:1 cutting-oil/olive-oil emulsion using seawater-assisted microwave irradiation ...... 19
3.4 Measurement and analysis ...... 19
CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ....... 24
4.1 Demulsification of cutting oil emulsion using salt-assisted microwave irradiation ...... 24
4.1.1 Effect of microwave irradiation time ....... 24
4.1.2 Effect of microwave irradiation power ....... 25
4.1.3 Effect of NaCl dosage ...... 25
4.1.4 Effect of settling time ...... 26
4.1.5 Effect of pH ...... 26
4.1.6 Effect of initial oil concentration ...... 27
4.1.7 The comparison of demulsification by microwave irradiation and traditional heating ...... 27
4.1.8 Effect of different inorganic salts ....... 28
4.1.9 Statistic analysis ....... 28
4.2 Demulsification of cutting oil, olive oil, and 1:1 cutting-oil/olive-oil emulsion using seawater-assisted microwave irradiation ........ 42
4.2.1 Effect of artificial seawater level ...... 42
4.2.2 Effect of microwave irradiation time ....... 43
4.2.3 Effect of settling time ....... 44
4.2.4 Effect of SDS level ...... 44
4.2.5 Effects of HNO3 and NaOH ....... 45
4.2.6 A comparison of the effects of NaCl and artificial seawater ....... 47
4.2.7 Statistical analysis ...... 47
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ....... 64
5.1 Conclusions ....... 64
5.1.1 Demulsification of cutting oil emulsion using salt-assisted microwave irradiation ....... 64
5.1.2 Demulsification of cutting oil, olive oil, and 1:1 cutting-oil/olive-oil emulsion using seawater-assisted microwave irradiation ....... 65
5.2 Recommendations for future works ...... 66
REFERENCES ...... 69
APPENDIX A Results of statistical analysis using stepwise-regression method ....... 74
APPENDIX B Results of principal component analysis (PCA) for the demulsification of cutting oil emulsion using salt-assisted microwave irradiation. ......89
AUTHOR’S PUBLICATION LIST ..... 90
作者簡歷 ...... . 91
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