從瑪格麗特．勞倫斯的馬納瓦卡系列小說看女性身份建構

中文摘要

本論文旨在解析瑪格麗特．勞倫斯的馬納瓦卡小說中女人追尋自我的旅程，此系列小說包含了四部作品：《石天使》（1964）、《上天的玩笑》（1966）、《住在火裡的人》（1969）、《占卜者》（1974）。這些女性在不同的衝突中，逐漸了解自我的價值，並且重新建構了女性自我的身分。本論文即由三面相探討身份建構的旅程，從環境的影響、人與人的交流、以及從自身的創造力建構身份。論文第一章著重在女性的三種衝突，包含地域的衝突、觀念的衝突、以及衝突中的生存。地域性衝突濃縮在馬納瓦卡小鎮中，一種身分主體的代表。女性態度上的衝突則是表現在性慾的展現和社會道德觀的壓迫上。衝突中的生存實現於正視軟弱的那刻並與人和解的意願。論文第二章則是強調這些女性如何在與人的衝突下找到自身的價值。第三章著重於藉由寫作以及身體的表現，重塑女性的本體。本論文強調在重塑的過程中，存在的一種不確定性，並表現在四本小說中開放性的收尾。此不確定性雖然在角色的未來發展中隱藏了不完美的部份，卻展現了女性堅韌和自我賦權的本質。此種矛盾和傳統強調女性在兩性關係中勝出的女性小說是截然不同的，這種相異性將於四本小說的結尾中，充分探討。總括來說，這四部小說展現了女性面對不同衝突的態度，並且在衝突中建立自我，並非為了獲取絕對的勝利，而是在面對往後各種可能的衝突中，能夠有足夠的自信和自主性面對。


關鍵字：馬納瓦卡系列、自我賦權、身分建造、書寫、身體

Abstract
This project aims to analyze the female protagonists’ identity quest in Margaret Laurence’s Manawaka Cycle—The Stone Angel (1964), A Jest of God (1966), The Fire-Dwellers (1969), and The Diviners (1974). Putting up different life struggles, the women in Manawaka form their identity and empower themselves with their artistic talents. The thesis is divided into three stages: from confrontation to transgression, and at last to the formation of identity. Chapter One concentrates on women’s confrontation in terms of place, attitude, and survival. The sense of place is condensed into the small town Manawaka, and it stands for woman’s identity. Woman’s attitude is examined in terms of desire, in which the woman is torn between the social standard and inner sexuality. The theme of survival is connected with the ability to reconcile and the confession of one’s weakness. Chapter Two investigates the transgression of the women when facing the confrontations. Michel Foucault’s theory is applied to explain the uncrossable fact of transgression, and the acknowledgement of limits in life. Chapter Three focuses on the creation of the women’s identity through the art of writing and body communication. The emphasis on this formation would be the notion of possibility, which is presented in the opening ending among the four novels. It indicates the imperfect but confident attitude toward future changes. This perspective is what I perceive unique compared with the traditional feminist works that emphasize the victory of women. By examining the different endings among the novels, the thesis puts forth this argument and interprets the meaning behind these endings. These novels together represent women in different circumstances and how they struggle with it. The idea of identity formation is not a certificate to success but to a greater courage to face the challenges.
Key words: Manawaka Cycle, self-empowerment, identity formation, writing, body

Contents
Introduction………………………………………………………………………………… 1
Chapter One: “To be Up and Doing”:
Identity Formation and the Environment………………....…11
Chapter Two: “Walking with Chains”:
Identity Formation and Social Roles ….…………………… 33
Chapter Three: “Dancing in Her Head”:
Identity Formation and Female Creativity …………………...52
Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………….. 79
Works Cited…………………………………………………………………………………84

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