查爾斯•湯姆林森•葛利菲斯（Charles Tomlinson Griffes, 1884-1920）是二十世紀美國重要的印象主義作曲家之一，而本文所探討的鋼琴獨奏作品《羅馬素描》（Roman Sketches, Op.7）由葛利菲斯於一九一五年到一九一六年間創作完成，屬於其印象風格時期的巔峰代表作。此組作品包含四首樂曲，分別是〈白孔雀〉、〈黃昏〉、〈亞葵寶拉的噴泉〉和〈浮雲〉，葛利菲斯在每首樂曲前皆引用英格蘭詩人威廉•夏普（William Sharp, 1855-1905）之詩集《羅馬嘆息》（Sospiri di Roma）中的詩作，內容以描寫大自然的風貌為主。
葛利菲斯在《羅馬素描》中融合許多印象樂派的音樂元素，例如：全音音階、五聲音階、異國情調風格……等。本文第一章介紹葛利菲斯的生平背景以及鋼琴作品的創作風格，並且探討其作品內受到印象樂派之影響的手法；第二章為《羅馬素描》的創作背景以及作品中和聲與旋律之創作手法，並且將組曲內的四首樂曲〈白孔雀〉、〈黃昏〉、〈亞葵寶拉的噴泉〉和〈浮雲〉與夏普的詩詞相互結合進而提出個人的詮釋觀點。

Charles Tomlinson Griffes (1884-1920) is one of the most important American impressionists in the twentieth century. This study focuses on the piano solo work Roman Sketches (Op.7) which Griffes composed during 1915-16, and it is the most representative work in his impressionistic styles. This work includes four pieces, which are The White Peacock, Nightfall, The Fountain of the Acqua Paola, and Clouds. Griffes quoted the four poems as forwards from the poetry Sospiri di Roma of the Scottish poet William Sharp (1855-1905) which mainly described the natural scene.
Griffes integrated many musical elements of the Impressionism in Roman Sketches, such as whole-tone scales, pentatonic scales and exoticism. The first chapter in this study introduces the life of Griffes and characteristics of his piano works, and also emphasizes about how his works were affected by impressionism. The second chapter contains the historical background and the harmonic and melodic materials in Roman Sketches. Interpretative point of view about literary connection between music content and the poetry of Sharp is also discussed in this chapter.

目 錄
摘 要 i
英文摘要 ii
目 錄 iii
表格目錄 iv
譜例目錄 v

前 言 1

第一章 查爾斯•湯姆林森・葛利菲斯
第一節 生平與創作經歷 3
第二節 鋼琴作品之創作風格 9
第三節 印象樂派之影響 14

第二章 查爾斯•湯姆林森・葛利菲斯之《羅馬素描》
第一節 創作背景 20
第二節 創作手法 27
第三節 詩詞與音樂結合之詮釋觀點 46

結 論 60

參考書目 62

附錄
附錄一 查爾斯•湯姆林森・葛利菲斯鋼琴作品列表 64
附錄二 吳昀芳碩士音樂會節目單 66
附錄三 吳昀芳解說音樂會節目單 68

參考書目
Anderson, Donna K. Charles T. Griffes: An Annotated
Bibliography-Discography. Detroit, 1977.
_______. The Works of Charles T. Griffes: A Descriptive Catalogue. Ann Arbor, 1984.
Austin, William. Music in the 20th Century. New York: W. W. Norton and Company, 1966.
Barrett, Constance Elizabeth. Towards Development of A Critical Edition of the String Quartets of Charles Tomlinson Griffes. Ohio: Ohio State University, 1994.
Bauer, Marion. Twentieth Century Music. New York: Da Capo Press, 1978.
_______. ‘Charles Tomlinson Griffes as I Remember him’, The Musical Quarterly, xxix (1943): 355-80.
Bowers, Faubion. The New Scriabin, Enigma and Answers. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1973.
Boda, Daniel. “The Music of Charles T. Griffes,” Diss., The Florida State University 1962.
Clarke, G.E. ‘Charles Tomlinson Griffes’, Essays on American Music. Westport, CT, 1977.
Elizabeth, A. Sharp. William Sharp（Fiona Macleod）: A Memoir Compiled by His Wife. New York: Duffield&Company, 1910.
Griffes, C.T. A Life in Music. Washington DC, 1993.
Howard, John Tasker. This Modern Music. New York: Thomas R. Crowell, 1942.
Machlis, Joseph. Introduction to Contemporary Music. New York: W. W. Norton and Company, 1961.
Maisel, Edward M. Charles T. Griffes: the Life of an American Composer. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1984.
Rüfer, Josef. The Works of Arnold Schoenberg: A Catalogue of His Compositions, Writings and Painting, Trans. Dika Newlin. London: Faber and Faber, 1962.
Tryon, Winthrop P. “Mme. Eva Gauthier, an Internationalist of the Musical World,” Christian Science Monitor, 1923.
The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians(2001), s.v. “Impressionism,” by Jann Pasler.
Asakura, Iwao. The Influence of the Orient on the Later Vocal Works of Charles T. Griffes: “Five Poems of Ancient China and Japan” and “Three Javanese Songs” D.M.A., The University of Southern Mississippi, 2004.
Fabbro, Renato Sergio. The Stylistic Traits of Charles Griffes's Piano Music: "Roman Sketches", Op. 7 and Piano Sonata. D.M.A., Rice University, 2001.
Walton, Peggy Marie. The Music of Charles Tomlinson Griffes; Harbinger of American Art Music's Transition into the Modern Age. M.M., Rice University, 1988.
Henry, Earl Luther. Impressionism in the Arts and Its Influence on Selected Works: Charles Martin Loeffler and Charles Tomlinson Griffes. Ph.D., University of Cincinnati, 1976.

【樂譜】
Griffes, Charles Tomlinson. Poem: for Flute and Orchestra Arranged for Flute and Piano. New York: G. Schirmer ; Milwaukee, WI : distributed by Hal Leonard, 1922.
_______. The White Peacock and other Works for Solo Piano. New York: Dover Publication, 1998.