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博碩士論文 etd-0804111-224449 詳細資訊
Title page for etd-0804111-224449
論文名稱
Title
緬甸選舉制度之研究
The Electoral System of Myanmar
系所名稱
Department
畢業學年期
Year, semester
語文別
Language
學位類別
Degree
頁數
Number of pages
136
研究生
Author
指導教授
Advisor
召集委員
Convenor
口試委員
Advisory Committee
口試日期
Date of Exam
2011-07-19
繳交日期
Date of Submission
2011-08-04
關鍵字
Keywords
選舉制度、選舉法、緬甸聯邦、緬甸昂山素姬
SLORC, electoral law, electoral system, military junta, Union of Myanmar, Burma, Aung San Suu Kyi, SPDC
統計
Statistics
本論文已被瀏覽 5752 次,被下載 2066
The thesis/dissertation has been browsed 5752 times, has been downloaded 2066 times.
中文摘要
緬甸,一個孤立在東南亞的國家,近日舉行了一個為了人民集會的大選,此舉為過去五十年來的第二次,也是二十年來第一次的活動。統治此國家數十載之軍政府一直面臨著國際社會的強烈批評。此研究有系統地檢視了選舉法之歷史發展以及緬甸聯邦(自2010年10月正式被稱為緬甸聯邦共和國)於1989年6月18日起至最近一次舉行於2011年11月7日的選舉之整體選舉制度。為何軍政府要干涉選舉活動的舉行最近一次的選舉是為了帶給世人他們將建立一個合法政府的印象。但在現實中,他們的目的其實是要維護在民主外觀底下的軍事統治。軍政府從先前於1990年舉行的自由選舉學到了寶貴的經驗教訓,此選舉前軍政府的政黨以慘敗做收場,但在2010年卻無法如人們所願。為了有效地延長軍事統治,2008年軍政府使用了有缺陷的公民投票批准一項至高無上的法規,根據此法,軍政府將自動地接收25%的國會議席。此法規助長緬甸軍政府對有意願參加2010選舉之政黨施加一些嚴厲的限制,因此確保了在危急關頭時,軍政府支持的政黨能贏得大多數的席次。本論文所試圖想表達出的是,與只為謀私利並藉此控制整個社會的軍政府體系相互抗衡的弱勢群眾的無能為力。
Abstract
Myanmar, an isolated country in Southeast Asia, held general elections for the People’s Assembly in 2010, the first in twenty years and the second in fifty years. The military junta that has ruled the country for decades has been facing strong criticism from the international community. This research has systematically examined the historical development of the electoral laws and the overall electoral system of the Union of Myanmar (since October 2010 officially known as the Republic of the Union of Myanmar) during the period of 18 June 1989 up until the latest elections on 7 November 2011. Why did the military bother organizing elections? The latest elections were meant to give the impression that they would create a legitimate government. In reality, they were designed to preserve military rule under a façade of democracy. The junta learned a valuable lesson from the last free elections in 1990, which ended in a fiasco for the pro-junta parties, and did not leave it to the people's will in 2010. In order to effectively extend military rule, in 2008 the junta used a flawed referendum to approve a supremacy constitution, according to which the military automatically receives 25% of the seats in parliament. This constitution helped the junta impose several severe limitations on parties willing to participate in the 2010 elections, thus ensuring that the military-backed political parties would win most of the seats at stake. This thesis attempts to show the powerlessness of the masses against a system based on the creation of self-serving laws used by the ruling junta to control the society.
目次 Table of Contents
Acknowledgements.................................................................................................................... II
Abstract (English)..................................................................................................................... III
Abstract (Chinese) ....................................................................................................................IV
Table of contents....................................................................................................................... V
List of Figures, Maps and Tables ...........................................................................................VIII
List of Acronyms and basic information................................................................................... IX
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION..................................................................................... 1
1.1. MOTIVATION.................................................................................................................... 1
1.2. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES................................................................................................ 3
1.3. REVIEW OF RELEVANT LITERATURE........................................................................ 8
1.4. METHODOLOGY............................................................................................................ 12
1.5. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK..................................................................................... 14
1.6. CHAPTER ARRANGEMENT ......................................................................................... 18
1.7. EXPECTED CONTRIBUTION........................................................................................ 19
CHAPTER TWO: ELECTORAL SYSTEMS..................................................................... 20
2.1. ELECTIONS HELD IN AUTHORITARIAN COUNTRIES........................................... 21
2.2. ELECTORAL SYSTEMS................................................................................................. 26
2.3. THE BURMESE LEGAL SYSTEM................................................................................. 29
2.4. HISTORY OF ELECTIONS IN BURMA/MYANMAR.................................................. 31
CHAPTER THREE: THE POLITICAL-HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF
BURMA/MYANMAR............................................................................................................ 35
3.1. EARLY HISTORY ........................................................................................................... 36
3.2. COLONIAL ERA.............................................................................................................. 38
3.3. CIVILIAN GOVERNMENT ............................................................................................ 45
3.4. MILITARY RULE UNDER SOCIALIST GOVERNMENT........................................... 49
3.5. UNDER THE SLORC AND THE SPDC REGIME......................................................... 53
CHAPTER FOUR: 1990 ELECTIONS................................................................................ 59
4.1. PARTIES AND CAMPAIGNING.................................................................................... 60
4.2. NATIONAL LEAGUE FOR DEMOCRACY .................................................................. 62
4.3. THE GENERAL ELECTION AND ITS RESULTS ........................................................ 64
4.4. AUNG SAN SUU KYI ..................................................................................................... 67
4.5. THE 1990 ELECTION AFTERMATH ............................................................................ 70
CHAPTER FIVE: 2010 ELECTIONS ................................................................................. 73
5.1. POLITICAL PARTY REGISTRATION .......................................................................... 74
5.2. AUNG SAN SUU KYI BOYCOTTING THE ELECTION ............................................. 81
5.3. THE 2010 ELECTION CAMPAIGN ............................................................................... 82
5.4. NOVEMBER 2010 GENEAL ELECTIONS.................................................................... 84
5.5. 2010 ELECTION RESULTS ............................................................................................ 87
5.6. INTERNATIONAL RESPONSE TO THE 2010 ELECTION......................................... 92
5.7. THE NEW GOVERNMENT OF MYANMAR................................................................ 93
5.8. COMPARISON OF THE 1990 AND 2010 ELECTIONS................................................ 95
CHAPTER SIX: CONCLUSION ......................................................................................... 97
APPENDICES...................................................................................................................... 101
APPENDIX 1: Basic information about Burma/Myanmar .................................................... 101
APPENDIX 2: Historic Flags of Burma/Myanmar................................................................ 108
APPENDIX 3: Key Dates in Burmese History after Gaining Independence ........................ 110
APPENDIX 4: 2010 Election Timeline ................................................................................ 112
BIBLIOGRAPHY................................................................................................................. 113
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Legal documents:
Law Relating to the Sangha Organization: Chapter II/ 5 of State Law and Order Restoration Council Law No. 20/90 of 31 October 1990
The Constitution of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar (2008)
The Constitution of the Socialistic Republic of the Union of Burma (1974)
The Constitution of the Union of Burma (1947)
The Political Parties Registration Law, the State Peace and Development Council Law No. 2/2010 of 8 March 2010
The State Law and Order Restoration Council Order No. 1/90 of 17 July 1990
The Union Election Commission Law, the State Peace and Development Council Law No. 1/2010 of 8 March 2010
The Union Election Commission Notification No. 91/2010 of 18 August 2010
The Union Election Commission Notification No. 97/2010 of 14 September 2010
The Union Election Commission Notification No.143/2010 of 7 December 2010


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Asia society: http://asiasociety.org/
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BookRags.com: http://www.bookrags.com/
Burma Center Prague: http://www.burma-center.org/
Burma Centrum Netherland: http://www.burmacentrum.nl/
Burma Lawyers’ Council: http://www.blc-burma.org/activity_pub_liob.html
Burmanet: http://www.burmanet.org/
Democratic Voice of Burma: http://www.dvb.no/
Encyclopædia Britannica Online: http://www.britannica.com/
Federation of American Scientists: www.fas.org
Human Rights Watch: http://www.hrw.org/
Mizzima news (specializing in Burma related news): http://www.mizzima.com
Online Burma/Myanmar Library: http://www.burmalibrary.org
Open Democracy: http://www.opendemocracy.net/
Reuters: http://uk.reuters.com/
The Guardian: http://www.guardian.co.uk/
The Irrawady (Covering Burma and Southeast Asia): http://www.irrawaddy.org/
Transparency International: http://www.transparency.org/
UPI Asia: http://www.upiasia.com/
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