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博碩士論文 etd-0804113-150551 詳細資訊
Title page for etd-0804113-150551
論文名稱
Title
台灣海域鯨豚重金屬濃度及碳氮同位素之研究
Heavy metal concentrations and stable isotope of carbon and nitrogen in cetaceans around Taiwan
系所名稱
Department
畢業學年期
Year, semester
語文別
Language
學位類別
Degree
頁數
Number of pages
88
研究生
Author
指導教授
Advisor
召集委員
Convenor
口試委員
Advisory Committee
口試日期
Date of Exam
2013-07-22
繳交日期
Date of Submission
2013-09-04
關鍵字
Keywords
δ15N、瑞氏海豚、δ13C、重金屬、鯨豚
Risso’s dolphin, δ15N, δ13C, Heavy metal, Cetacean
統計
Statistics
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The thesis/dissertation has been browsed 5743 times, has been downloaded 233 times.
中文摘要
本研究目的,主要是為了解鯨豚體內重金屬濃度的蓄積是否存在種別差異,以及是否會受到食性、棲地、體長、誤捕或擱淺等因子的影響,並與世界其他海域的鯨豚蓄積濃度及台灣過去相關文獻資料比較,藉此探討台灣周邊海域重金屬汙染的程度及變化。
本研究樣品取自西元2001~2011年間於台灣沿岸擱淺或誤捕之鯨豚,共有9種31隻,包括瑞氏海豚(Grampus griseus)、熱帶斑海豚(Stenella attenuata)、中華白海豚(Sousa chinensis)、弗氏海豚(Lagenodelphis hosei)、侏儒抹香鯨(Kogia sima)、大村鯨(Balaenoptera omurai)、小虎鯨(Feresa attenuata) 、偽虎鯨(Pseudorca crassidens)、江豚(Neophocaena phocaenoides)等,其中大村鯨為鬚鯨亞目,其餘皆為齒鯨亞目。分析的組織包括肌肉、肝臟、腎臟、肺臟、腸組織、心臟、生殖腺等,分析的重金屬濃度,包括銅、錳、鋅、鐵、鎘、砷。另外,為瞭解不同種鯨豚之食性及棲地差異,亦進行肌肉的碳氮同位素分析。
碳氮同位素的分析結果呈現顯著的種別差異。其中δ13C值以江豚與中華白海豚為最高(-13.4 ‰及-14.3 ‰),而大村鯨與弗氏海豚為最低(-16.9 ‰及-16.9±0.39 ‰);δ15N值亦以中華白海豚為最高(14.9 ‰),熱帶斑海豚與大村鯨為最低(12.3±0.38 ‰及10.9 ‰)。在重金屬濃度分析中,一隻懷孕的侏儒抹香鯨(TP 20110122)體內的鐵、錳濃度特別高(肝臟中的濃度分別為7169及87.5 μg/g dry wt),而一隻中華白海豚(CH 20110411)的肝臟與腎臟中有高鋅濃度(分別為400.7及288.0 μg/g dry wt)。唯一的鬚鯨-大村鯨的肝臟中則有高銅濃度(341.6 μg/g dry wt)。體組織的重金屬濃度和體長及δ15N值的相關性,僅瑞氏海豚鎘與砷濃度分別與體長及δ15N值呈顯著正或負相關,其中鎘濃度與體長呈正相關,與δ15N值呈負相關;砷濃度與體長呈負相關,與δ15N值呈正相關;而其體長與δ15N值呈負相關。以多元尺度分析(MDS)及集群分析(Cluster)得知,擱淺個體與誤捕個體的分群中,以擱淺個體有較高的鐵和鎘濃度。
本研究中的瑞氏海豚,經由體長、碳氮同位素以及鎘、砷濃度間的相關性分析,推論瑞氏海豚會隨年齡增長而逐漸離岸攝食較多的大洋性頭足類。此外,不論是擱淺還是誤捕的個體,其肌肉及肝臟中的重金屬濃度都較過去1994-1995年的鯨豚個體為高(肌肉中的錳元素除外),反映台灣周邊海域重金屬汙染有增加的趨勢。
Abstract
The aims of this study were (1) to investigate the differences of heavy metal concentrations in various cetacean species, (2) to know how the factors including feeding habits, habitats, body lengths, stranded or bycatch affect the accumulation of tissue concentrations of heavy metals in cetaceans, and (3) to compare with previously reported values. Ten different tissues from 9 species were collected from 2001 to 2011 and analyzed for As, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn concentrations and isotope values (δ13C and δ15N). These 9 species included Risso’s dolphin (Grampus griseus), Pantropical spotted dolphin (Stenella attenuata), Chinese white dolphin (Sousa chinensis), Fraser’s dolphin (Lagenodelphis hosei), Dwarf sperm whale (Kogia sima), Omura's whale (Balaenoptera omurai), Pygmy killer whale (Feresa attenuata), False killer whale (Pseudorca crassidens) and Finless porpoise (Neophocaena phocaenoides).
Both δ13C and δ15N showed significant variation among species (p<0.05). The highest δ13C values (-13.4 ‰ and -14.3 ‰) were found in Finless porpoise and Chinese white dolphin, whereas the lowest δ13C values (-16.9 ‰ and -16.9±0.39 ‰) were found in Omura’s whale and Fraser’s dolphin. The highest δ15N values (14.9 ‰ and 14.6 ‰) were found in Chinese white dolphin and False killer whale, whereas the lowest δ15N values (10.9 ‰) were found in Omura’s whale. Heavy metal analysis indicated that extremely high Fe (7169 μg/g dry wt. in liver) and Mn (87.5 μg/g dry wt. in liver) levels were found in a pregnant Dwarf sperm whale. The highest Zn levels were found in the liver (400.7 μg/g dry wt.) and kidney (288.0 μg/g dry wt.) of Chinese white dolphin, and the highest Cu level was found in Omura’s whale, the only baleen whale. Significant positive or negative correlations between certain elements (Cd and As) and factors (body length and δ15N) were found in Risso’s dolphin. A negative correlation between body length and δ15N in Risso’s dolphin was also observed. Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) and cluster analysis showed that stranded individuals had higher Fe and Cd levels than bycatch specimens.
The results of this study suggest that heavy metal concentrations in cetacean tissues are highly varied due to different species, feeding habits, habitats and physiological status such as pregnancy. Furthermore, via the correlation analysis between renal cadmium / hepatic arsenic concentrations and body length / δ15N in Risso’s dolphins, we can conclude that male Risso’s dolphin would gradually move to offshore to feed on more oceanic cephalopods with increasing age. Also, both stranded and bycatch Risso’s dolphin in this study exhibit higher heavy metal concentrations than those collected in 1994 and 1995 (except Mn in muscles), providing an early warning of the heavy metal pollutions in the surrounding waters of Taiwan.
目次 Table of Contents
謝辭 i
表目錄 vii
圖目錄 viii
附圖目錄 ix
一、前言 1
1.1碳氮同位素 1
1.2 重金屬的蓄積及危害 2
1.3 影響鯨豚體內重金屬蓄積的因素 4
1.3.1 種別差異 4
1.3.2 地理差異 4
1.3.3 擱淺或誤捕差異 5
1.3.4 其他相關因子 5
1.4重金屬蓄積濃度差異的研究限制 6
1.5 台灣周邊海域之鯨豚組成 7
1.6 國內相關研究 7
1.7 研究目的 8
二、研究材料與方法 9
2.1樣品來源 9
2.2 取樣部位 9
2.3 樣品前處理 9
2.4 建檔內容及樣品測定 10
2.5 分析方法 10
2.5.1 重金屬分析樣品之消化與萃取 10
2.5.2 品保(Quality Assurance, QA)及品管(Quality Control, QC) 11
2.5.3 重金屬元素之定量分析 13
2.5.4 碳、氮同位素測定 14
2.6 統計分析 15
三、結果 16
3.1 鯨豚樣品基礎生物參數 16
3.2 碳氮同位素分析-油脂萃取與未油脂萃取之差異 16
3.3 碳氮同位素種別差異 16
3.4 氮同位素與體長之相關性 17
3.5 重金屬分析-標準樣品查核結果及偵測下限 17
3.6 各組織重金屬濃度的種別差異 18
3.6.1肌肉 18
3.6.2 肝臟 19
3.6.3 腎臟 20
3.6.4 肺臟 21
3.6.5 腸 22
3.6.6 心臟 23
3.6.7 生殖腺、脾臟、胰臟等其他組織 24
3.7 重金屬濃度與氮同位素之關係 24
3.8 重金屬濃度與體長之關係 25
3.9 重金屬元素在組織間的相關性 25
3.10 誤捕及擱淺差異比較 26
3.11 相似度分析 27
四、討論 29
4.1 碳氮同位素分析-油脂萃取與未油脂萃取之差異 29
4.2 以碳氮同位素探討鯨豚之棲地與營養階層 29
4.2.1 棲地差異 29
4.2.2 營養階層差異 30
4.3 鯨豚體內重金屬濃度的差異 32
4.3.1 個體差異 32
4.3.2 種別差異 34
4.3.3 擱淺或誤捕的差異比較 35
4.4 與過去台灣的資料比較 36
4.5 與世界其他海域的資料比較 37
五、參考文獻 38
六、表 49
七、圖 63
八、附圖 76
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相關網頁:
鯨豚知識。中華鯨豚協會。 http://www.whale.org.tw/index.php?option=com_frontpage&Itemid=1
莫顯蕎。鯨豚的通訊與演化。國立中山大學海洋生物研究所。
http://www.mbi.nsysu.edu.tw/macaca/signalevolution.htm
經濟部統計處。
http://www.moea.gov.tw/Mns/dos/home/Home.aspx
環境保護署。全國環境水質監測資訊網。
http://wq.epa.gov.tw/WQEPA/Code/Report/ReportList.aspx
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