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博碩士論文 etd-0805105-183414 詳細資訊
Title page for etd-0805105-183414
論文名稱
Title
將軍溪流域之永續管理策略研究
Development of Sustainable Watershed Management Strategies for the Chiang-Chun River Basin
系所名稱
Department
畢業學年期
Year, semester
語文別
Language
學位類別
Degree
頁數
Number of pages
127
研究生
Author
指導教授
Advisor
召集委員
Convenor
口試委員
Advisory Committee
口試日期
Date of Exam
2005-05-11
繳交日期
Date of Submission
2005-08-05
關鍵字
Keywords
涵容能力、流域管理、永續發展、人工溼地、水生植物系統
sustainable development, constructed wetland, aquatic treatment system, carrying, watershed management
統計
Statistics
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The thesis/dissertation has been browsed 5614 times, has been downloaded 36 times.
中文摘要
台灣長期以來一直以追求經濟成長作為國家總體目標,而在創造
經濟績效的同時,卻犧牲了生態環境資源。惟隨著國民生活水準的日益提昇,民眾對於生活空間的需求日增,在確保安全的任務外,提供水岸利用空間,淨化綠化水岸環境,已成為另一項重要任務。近年來更隨著全球性永續發展之思潮,對生態與環境保護之要求日高,營造良好之河川、排水及海岸的水域環境,使得流域管理更成為今後治水的重點工作。
將軍溪流域之污染調查及污染量推估之主要目的乃在於有效掌握污染物來源,藉以協助水質模式之建立及模擬。利用美國環保署發展之QUAL2E 模式進行水質模擬,評估將軍溪流域之涵容能力,研
擬流域污染源管制及削減策略,以期達到水質改善之目標。將軍溪流域因長期承受到畜牧廢水及家庭污水之污染,使得水質日益惡化,另外沿岸工廠所排放之工業廢水更加重污染程度,因此各級環保單位乃針對流域內的事業及畜牧污染源,積極推動加強事業水污染稽查管制,建立社區居民參與河川污染整治工作之機制。如此,不僅能在有限的資源下,改善將軍溪流域水質污染程度,更能達到使社區居民與水體環境融為一體之目標。
目前國內之畜牧廢水普遍以三段式(固液分離、厭氧處理及好氧
處理)廢水處理設施處理。在良好的管理下,其排放水應能符合標準,但大多數養猪戶因為技術與成本的考量,對處理設施缺乏良好的管理,致使水質未能符合排放標準,若直接排入水體,將造成河川環境污染。目前國內推動自然處理系統處理及淨化水質,若能將自然處理系統(水生植物系統)應於於三段式處理設施中,除可節省能源、降低III系統操作難度及維護成本外,期能有效提升放流水水質,並增加放流水之可利用性。
惟於生活污水之處理方面,由於污水下水道系統之興建需要龐大
經費且耗時甚久,再加上流域內之集居型態以聚落或獨立戶為多數,若擬以傳統污水下水道系統收集處理流域內之生活污水,其經濟效益將偏低。鑑此,擬定以自然處理系統(人工溼地)作為鄉村型社區污水處理及再利用之主要方法,以達成多功能效益之處理效果,期能水污染防制觀念及工作推展深植於社區發展上,並期望能營造出具有污染自淨及水資源永續利用能力的鄉村社區。
Abstract
In the process of pursuing economic growth as the national target for
a long time, Taiwan has created an economic miracle but sacrificed
ecological environmental sources. With increasing higher living standards,
more living space is demanded such that providing clean and green
spaces along riverbanks in addition to offering security becomes another
important mission. In recent years, the global thinking of sustainable
development has demanded more ecological and environmental
protection such that efficient management of waters along river, drainage
and seacoast will be emphasized tasks of watershed management.
The main objective of pollution investigation and quantity
estimation in Chiang-Chun River watershed is to effectively comprehend
the sources of pollution to assist in establishing the water quality model to
be used in simulation. The QUAL2E model developed by the US EPA is
used to carried out estimating the carrying capacity of Chiang-Chun River,
and drafting pollution control measures and waste reduction strategies so
that the objective of improving Chiang-Chun River’s water quality can be
achieved. Chiang-Chun River has long been subjected to pollutions from
industrial and domestic waste discharges resulting in serious water quality
deterioration. Additionally the waste discharge from manufacturing plants
along the creek has made the pollution even worse. Hence, various
environmental protection authorities have actively promoted the checking
and controlling industrial and pig-farming wastewater discharges and
established a mechanism encouraging local residents to participate in the
watershed pollution prevention and control. These measures will not only
alleviate the water pollution in Chiang-Chun River with limited resources
but also achieve the purpose of communing local residents and the river.
V
The livestock wastewater is currently treated in three-stage system
including solid-liquid separation, anaerobic treatment and aerobic
treatment. With good management, the effluent is expected to meet
discharge standards. However, since most pig farmers, who may try to
save costs, have not efficiently managed the treatment facility so that the
treated effluent does not meet the standards. If directly discharged into
surface bodies, the improperly treated effluent will cause serious
pollution problems. A natural treatment and water purification system is
currently being promoted. If implemented in the three-stage treatment
system, the natural system (aquatic treatment system) will achieve energy
savings, lower the difficulty to operate the treatment system and reduce
the operation and maintenance costs. Additionally, effluent quality can be
improved such that the possibility of water reuse is also expected.
Providing adequate treatment for domestic wastewater requires the
construction of sewage system, which is costly and may take a long time
to complete. Additionally, since most residents are scattered in the
watershed, the construction of conventional sewage system to collect
domestic wastewater is not cost-effective. Hence, the natural system, e.g.
constructed wetland, is proposed as the major method for treating the
wastewater discharged from communities and for achieving water reuse
such that multiple-functional benefits can be reached. Additionally, the
concept and tasks of water pollution prevention and control can be deeply
rooted in the community development so that a community possessing the
capability of water self-purification and sustainable application is
developed.
目次 Table of Contents
List of Contents
Page
謝誌........................................................................................................ Ⅰ
中文摘要............................................................................................... Ⅱ
Abstract .................................................................................................... Ⅳ
Chapter 1 Introduction .................................................................. 1
1-1 Background of the Study ..................................................................... 2
1-2 Objectives of Research ........................................................................ 4
Chapter 2 Development of Watershed Management
Strategies for the Chiang-Chun River Basin, Taiwan ............. 6
Abstract ...................................................................................................... 7
2-1 Introduction ......................................................................................... 9
2-2 Investigation of Point and Non-Point Source Pollution.................... 10
2-3 Water Quality Modeling .................................................................... 13
2-4 Carrying Capacity Calculation .......................................................... 16
2-5 Summary............................................................................................ 17
References................................................................................................ 28
Chapter 3 Application of Aquatic Treatment System for
Swine Wastewater Treatment........................................................ 31
Abstract .................................................................................................... 32
3-1 Introduction ....................................................................................... 34
3-2 Site Background ................................................................................ 36
3-3 Sampling and Testing of Wastewater ................................................ 37
3-3-1 Determination of Wastewater Sampling Point ............................ 37
3-3-2 Types of Wastewater Analysis ..................................................... 38
VII
3-4 Results and Discussion...................................................................... 38
3-4-1 Water Analyses ............................................................................ 38
3-4-2 The Analysis on Removal Efficiency of Each Processing Unit
System ......................................................................................... 42
3-5 The Feasibility of Replacing Aerobic System with Aquatic Treatment
System................................................................................................ 43
3-5-1 Evaluation of the Efficiency of BOD Removal by First Order
Reaction Model.......................................................................... 44
3-5-2 Evaluation of the Efficiency of Ammonia Removal by First
Order Reaction Model................................................................. 45
3-5-3 Evaluation of the Efficiency of SS Removal by US EPA
Empirical Formula ..................................................................... 46
3-6 Summary............................................................................................ 47
References................................................................................................ 68
Chapter 4 The Building of Environmental Awareness
and Community Participation for the Abatement
of Pollution of Chiang-Chun River Basin, Taiwan................. 70
Abstract .................................................................................................... 71
4-1 Introduction ....................................................................................... 73
4-2 Background........................................................................................ 74
4-3 Education Program............................................................................ 76
4-4 Community Participation .................................................................. 78
4-5 Summary............................................................................................ 80
References................................................................................................ 83
Chapter 5 The Environmental Issue for Regional
Sustainable Development: The Experience from Tainan
County, Taiwan.................................................................................. 85
VIII
Abstract .................................................................................................... 86
5-1 Introduction ....................................................................................... 88
5-2 Issue Initiation ................................................................................... 89
5-3 Environmental Issues......................................................................... 90
5-3-1 Fish-breeding Effluent and Electroplating Wastewater
Treatment ..................................................................................... 90
5-3-2 Municipal Sewage Establishment and Rural Wastewater
Treatment .................................................................................... 91
5-3-3 Rational Utilization of Water Resource....................................... 91
5-3-4 Buildup of Sustainable Eco-communities ................................... 92
5-3-5 Environmental Education and Sustainable Schoolyard............... 93
5-3-6 Green Technology and Methodology of Ecological Engineering 94
5-3-7 Green Community........................................................................ 95
5-4 Case Study – Constructed Wetland System in Er-Hang Community 96
5-4-1 Background.................................................................................. 96
5-4-2 Establishment of Constructed Wetland........................................ 97
5-4-3 Incorporation of Community Redevelopment............................. 98
5-5 Summary............................................................................................ 99
References .............................................................................................. 102
Chapter 6 Conclusions.................................................................. 104
作者簡歷及著作.......................................................................112
IX
List of Tables
Page
Table 2.1 The three-part classification system developed……...……19
Table 2.2 The input parameters and their values used in the QUAL2E
model………………………………………………………20
Table 2.3 Simulated DO improvements after the implementation of
each proposed plan………………………………………..21
Table 2.4 Simulated BOD reductions after the implementation of each
proposed plan…………………………….………………..22
Table 2.5 Simulated NH3-N reductions after the implementation of
each proposed plan……….……………………………….23
Table 3.1 Specification of each treatment unit system…………..49
Table 3.2 Heavy metal content in the each treatment unit system...50
Table 3.3 The removal efficiency of each treatment unit…...51
Table 4.1 The activities of the participators at each step during the
establishment of a constructed wetland in Kang-Wei
community…………………………………………………81
X
List of Figures
Page
Figure 2.1 Chiang-Chun River basin and major reaches…………….24
Figure 2.2 Measured and simulated DO concentrations and Class C
water quality criteria from the river mouth (0 km) to the
23 km upstream location……………………...…………25
Figure 2.3 Measured and simulated BOD concentrations and Class C
water quality criteria from the river mouth (0 km) to the
23 km upstream location………………………………...26
Figure 2.4 Measured and simulated NH3-N concentrations and Class
C water quality criteria from the river mouth (0 km) to the
23 km upstream location………………………………...27
Figure 3.1 Allocation of wastewater treatment units at the pig farm
site………………….……………………………………...52
Figure 3.2 Variations in temperature measurements for each
treatment unit………………….…………………………..53
Figure 3.3 Variations in pH measurements for each treatment unit…..54
Figure 3.4 Variations in EC measurements for each treatment unit…..55
Figure 3.5 Variations in SS measurements for each treatment unit…..56
Figure 3.6 Variations in ORP measurements for each treatment unit...57
Figure 3.7 Variations in DO measurements for each treatment unit….58
Figure 3.8 Variations in TKN measurements for each treatment unit...59
Figure 3.9 Variations in NH3-N measurements for each treatment
unit………………………………………………………...60
Figure 3.10 Variations in NO3-N measurements for each treatment
unit………………………………………………………...61
Figure 3.11 Variations in NO2-N measurements for each treatment
unit…………………………………………………….…..62
XI
Figure 3.12 Variations in TP measurements for each treatment unit…..63
Figure 3.13 Variations in COD measurements for each treatment unit..64
Figure 3.14 Variations in BOD measurements for each treatment unit65
Figure 3.15 Removal efficiencies for water quality indicators via
three-stage treatment system…………………………….66
Figure 3.16 Removal efficiencies for water quality indicators via
aquatic treatment system………………………………...67
Figure 4.1 The framework of the education program named “Training
of community participation for pollution cleanup of
Chiang-Chun River”………………….………………….82
Figure 5.1 Outline of the constructed wetland system in Er-Hang
community………………….……………………………101
參考文獻 References
References
Chen, C.M. (1998). “The Annals of Locality in Tainan Neighborhood.”
Chang-Min culture publisher, Taipei, Taiwan.
Chiang, C.M., Chou, B.C. and Chang, G.F. (2001). “The Buildup of
Fresh Urban and Rural Scenery in 2001-Subproject: The Community
Transformation on Livelihood Environment in Tainan County.”
Bureau of Environmental Protection, Tainan, County, Taiwan.
IWA, International Water Association. (2000). “Constructed Wetlands for
Pollution Control.” Processes, Performance, Design and Operation.
IWA Publishing, London.
Jing, S.R., Lin, Y.F., Lee, D.Y., and Wang, T.W. (2001). “Nutrient
Removal from Polluted River Water by Using Constructed
Wetlands.” Bioresource Technology, pp.131-135.
Lin, Y.F., Jing, S.R., and Lee, D.Y. (2002b). “The Potential Use of
Constructed Wetlands in a Recirculating Aquaculture System for
Shrimp Culture.” Environmental Pollution in press.
Lin, Y.F., Jing, S.R., Lee, D.Y., and Wang, T.W. (2002a). “Nutrient
Removal from Aquaculture Wastewater Using a Constructed
Wetlands System.” Aquaculture, pp.169-184.
Metcalf & Eddy, Inc. (1991). “Chapter 13 Natural Treatment Systems In
Wastewater Engineering.” Treatment, Disposal, Reuse.
McGraw-Hill, New York.
103
Sather, J.H. (1991). “Ancillary Benefits of Wetlands Constructed
Primarily for Wastewater Treatment. In Constructed Wetlands for
Wastewater Treatment. Municipal.” Industrial and Agricultural (Ed.
by Hammer, D.A.), Lewis Publishers, Michigan.
TCG, Tainan County Government. (2001). “The Project of
Comprehensive Development in Tainan County (emendation).”
Report, Tainan ,Taiwan.
TCG, Tainan County Government. (2004). “The Implementation of
Regional Sustainable Development Strategy in Tainan County.”
Tainan, Taiwan.
TEPA, Taiwan Environmental Protection Administration. (2001). “The
Development Association of Er-Hang Community, the Project of
Demonstrated Environmental Community.” Taipei, Taiwan
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