硬骨魚類的腦部構造和功能和脊椎動物一樣具有兩性相(sexual dimorphism)，而腦的性別分化(brain sexual differentiation)源自於腦部神經系統之發育。神經系統之發育可受到生物體本身之基因調控，除此之外亦受到外在環境的影響，其包括物理性(如:溫度)與化學性(如:性類固醇，神經傳導物質…等)。血清素(5-hydroxytrptamine, 5-HT)主要為神經傳導物質(neurotransmitter)和神經修飾物質(neuromodulator)，在神經發育上扮演著重要的角色。星狀神經膠細胞(Astrocyte)在中樞神經系統扮演著支持與保護神經細胞的功能，在腦的發育上有著重要的角色。本論文以雌性莫三比克口孵吳郭魚(tilapia,Oreochromis mossambicus)下視丘的初代星狀神經膠細胞培養(Primary Astrocyte Culture)探討溫度及血清素系統對星狀神經膠細胞發育的影響與機制。結果說明血清素血清素與血清素1A受體(5-HT1A receptor)不參與星狀神經膠細胞增生的作用，卻會影響血清素細胞的比例。血清素增加血清素細胞的比例，血清素1A受體拮抗劑則降低血清素細胞的比例。此說明血清素細胞的比例與血清素1A受體相關。而高溫促進星狀神經細胞的增生，與血清素受體無關。

The structure and function of brain show sexual dimorphism in vertebrates. Brain sexual differentiation is resulted from the neural development. The neural development of brain is determined by genetic regulation and also influenced by external environmental factors(ex: temperature、 neurotransmitter ). Serotonin (5-hydroxytrptamine, 5-HT) function as a neurotransmitter and/or neuromodulator in the central nervous system. Serotonin plays a important role in the development of the central nervous system via serotonin receptor。Astrocyte has the role of neural supporting and neural protection in CNS. Astrocyte has the important role of brain development. In the present study, the influence of temperature on the proliferation of astrocyte was investigated.These results show that the proliferation of astrocyte are varied with the temperature. Serotonin is not involved in the proliferation of astrocyte .Wherease,but has an effect on the ratio 5-HT+-cell in the astrocyte culture via the 5-HT1A receptor.

中文摘要 ……………………1
英文摘要 ……………………2
目錄 ……………………3
附圖(表)目錄 ………………4
壹、前言(實驗目的) ………6
貳、實驗材料與方法 ………9
参、結果 ……………………22
肆、討論 ……………………29
伍、參考文獻 ………………31
陸、附圖(表) ………………34

Brännvall K, Korhonen L, Lindholm D.Estrogen-receptor-dependent regulation of neural stem cell proliferation and differentiation. Mol Cell Neurosci. 2002 Nov;21(3):512-20

Carrer HF, Cambiasso MJ.(2002). Sexual differentiation of the brain: genes, estrogen, and neurotrophic factors. Cell Mol Neurobiol. 2002 Dec;22 (5-6) : 479-500. Review.

Carson MJ, Thomas EA, Danielson PE, Sutcliffe JG. The 5HT5A serotonin receptor is expressed predominantly by astrocytes in which it inhibits cAMP accumulation: a mechanism for neuronal suppression of reactive astrocytes.
Glia. 1996 Aug;17(4):317-26.

Crow TJ, Paez P, Chance SA. (2007). Callosal misconnectivity and the sex difference in psychosis. Int Rev Psychiatry. Aug;19(4):449-57. Review.

Deecher DC, Wilcox BD, Dave V, Rossman PA, Kimelberg HK. Detection
of 5-hydroxytryptamine2 receptors by radioligand binding, northern blot analysis, and Ca2+ responses in rat primary astrocyte cultures. J Neurosci
Res. 1993 Jun 15;35(3):246-56.

Ekstrm P, Van Veen T. Distribution of 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) in
the brain of the teleost Gasterosteus aculeatus L. J Comp Neurol. 1984 Jul 1; 226 (3):307-20.

Goldstein JM.(2006). Sex, hormones and affective arousal circuitry dysfu- nction in schizophrenia. Horm Behav. 2006 Nov;50(4):612-22. Epub 2006
Jul 28. Review.

Hansson E, Simonsson P, Alling C. 5-Hydroxytryptamine stimulates the formation of inositol phosphate in astrocytes from different regions of
the brain. Neuropharmacology. 1987 Sep;26(9):1377-82.

Hirst WD, Price GW, Rattray M, Wilkin GP.NIdentification of 5-hydroxytr-
yptamine receptors positively coupled to adenylyl cyclase in rat cultured astrocytes. Br J Pharmacol. 1997 Feb;120(3):509-15.

Kligman D, Marshak DR. Purification and characterization of a neurite
extension factor from bovine brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1985 Oct ; 82(20):7136-9.

Lauder JM, Wallace JA, Krebs H. Roles for serotonin in neuroembryogen-
esis. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1981;133:477-506. Review.

Muller Y, Rocchi E, Lazaro JB, Clos J. Thyroid hormone promotes BCL-2 expression and prevents apoptosis of early differentiating cerebellar granule neurons. Int J Dev Neurosci. 1995 Dec;13(8):871-85.

Parent A, Dube L, Braford MR Jr, Northcutt RG.. The organization of monoamine-containing neurons in the brain of the sunfish (Lepomis gibb-
osus) as revealed by fluorescence microscopy. J Comp Neurol. 1978 Dec
1; 182 (3) : 495-516

Parhar IS, Tosaki H, Sakuma Y, Kobayashi M.(2001). Sex differences in
the brain of goldfish: gonadotropin-releasing hormone and vasotocinergic neurons. Neuroscience. 2001;104(4):1099-110.

Raiz L, Davies EA, Ferguson RM. Sexual functioning following renal
transplantation. Health Soc Work. 2003 Nov;28(4):264-72.

Simerly RB, Swanson LW, Gorski RA. Demonstration of a exual
dimorphhism in the distribution of serotonin-immunoreactive fibers in the medial preoptic nucleus of the rat. J Comp Neurol. 1984 May 10;225(2):
151-66.

Tobet SA.Genes controlling hypothalamic development and sexual differ-
rentiation. Eur J Neurosci. 2002 Aug;16(3):373-6. Review.

Velasco A, Cid E, Ciudad J, Orfao A, Aijon J, Lara JM. Temperature ind-
uces variations in the retinal cell proliferation rate in a cyprinid. Brain Res. 2001 Sep 21;913(2):190-4.

Wang LH, Tsai CL. Effects of temperature on the deformity and sex differ-
rentiation of tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus. J Exp Zool. 2000 Apr 1 ;
286 (5):534-7.

Whitaker-Azmitia PM, Clarke C, Azmitia EC. Localization of 5-HT1A
receptors to astroglial cells in adult rats: implications for neuronal-glial
interactions and psychoactive drug mechanism of action.
Synapse. 1993 Jul;14(3):201-5.