Responsive image
博碩士論文 etd-0806116-214343 詳細資訊
Title page for etd-0806116-214343
論文名稱
Title
東沙島水域微量金屬分布及季節性變化:以圓葉水絲草為生物性指標
Trace metal distribution and seasonal variation in waters surrounding the Dongsha Island using Cymodocea rotundata as bio-indicator
系所名稱
Department
畢業學年期
Year, semester
語文別
Language
學位類別
Degree
頁數
Number of pages
100
研究生
Author
指導教授
Advisor
召集委員
Convenor
口試委員
Advisory Committee
口試日期
Date of Exam
2016-08-15
繳交日期
Date of Submission
2016-09-07
關鍵字
Keywords
圓葉水絲草、微量金屬、東沙環礁、季節性變化、生物性指標
Cymodocea rotundata, biological indicator, seasonal variation, trace metals, Dongsha Atoll
統計
Statistics
本論文已被瀏覽 5790 次,被下載 428
The thesis/dissertation has been browsed 5790 times, has been downloaded 428 times.
中文摘要
微量金屬主要是人為活動產生,而東沙環礁人為干擾程度小,適合作為監測水域微量金屬因不同季節,自然氣候的改變而有金屬濃度變化的研究地點,自然傳輸微量金屬至東沙環礁的來源有水源以及空飄,而東沙近岸受河川或深水抬升的微量金屬影響幾乎可忽略,東沙環礁受季風影響,微量金屬氣膠顆粒沉降至東沙水域,會影響東沙水域的水質。本研究挑選東沙島周圍三個測站點以潛水(浮潛)方式,每周取樣一次圓葉水絲草(Cymodocea rutundata)做為生物性指標,並切取一週的新生葉樣本進行消化,並測量銅、鎘、鎳、鉛、鋅,觀察圓葉水絲草的微量金屬季節性的變化趨勢。海水以及沉積物的組成也會影響到海草生長所吸收的物質,約2個月採樣一次,比較兩者對於海草累積微量金屬的影響程度。
比較東沙島周圍與環礁周圍的海水微量金屬濃度,前者有人為活動而後者則無,造成銅、鋅及鉛在東沙島測站濃度高於環礁周圍的測站。東沙島的小潟湖因地形封閉,沉積物微量金屬濃度相對比較高,但唯獨只有銅在北岸的濃度有明顯的高值,北岸細顆粒比例較高(仍低於10 %)也是一個地區性差異的因素。
作為東沙水域生物性指標的圓葉水絲草也表現出銅、鎘、鋅濃度具有東北季風時期顯著高於西南季風時期的季節性變化,而影響海水的因素排除海草的生長、溫度、不同的水來源以及地區性的因素後,推測為季風吹送所帶來的空飄物質沉降於東沙水域所造成的影響。由本研究可得知,圓葉水絲草在東沙島可作為監測水域中銅、鎘、鋅的季節性變化的生物性指標,而東沙水域的銅、鋅、鎘的濃度都具有東北季風時期高於西南季風時期的季節性變化。
Abstract
The Dongsha is the ideal station for study trace metals because it far from land masses and most immediate anthropogenic influences. Water source like river or internal wave had no siginificant influence for Alongshore. On the other hand, different aerosols brought by monsoon to Dongsha. Once aerosols fall on the water, chemicals may be disassociated and results in increases of trace metals in the water. Cymodocea rotundata is used as a bio-indicator in this study. C.rotundata leaves were collected weekly and the trace metal contents determined. Also, seawater and sediment samples were collected bimonthly for trace metal determinations in order to investigate their effects on variability of seagrass trace metal content.
Cu, Zn, and Pb concentrations in seawatrer at Dongsha Island sites were higher than those from the Atoll sites, reflecting Dongsha Island sties were influenced by human activities. Sediment tarce metals show that Cu concentrations were highest at the north shore site off the Island while other metals had higher concentrations in the lagoon sediments on the Island. It was found that C.rotundata grew faster at the deeper (2 m) south shore site than at the lagoon (Island) site and the north shore site. Concentrations of Cu, Zn and Cd had seasonal variation in seagrass, and were significantly higher during northeastern monsoons. Results showed that different water source, temperature, growth rate did not affect seagrass metal concentrations significantly. The influence by aerosols brought to the study area may be the most important factor. Results of this research prove that C.rotundata can be a sutible bio-indicator for Cu, Zn and Cd in the Dongsha region.
目次 Table of Contents
研究生學位論文審定書 i
碩博士論文公開授權書 ii
致謝 iii
摘要 iv
Abstract v
目次 vi
表次 viii
圖次 x
第一章 緒論 1
1.1研究背景 1
1.2微量金屬 4
1.3海草作為生物性指標的特性 5
1.4東沙對於重金屬研究優勢 9
1.5研究目的 10
第二章 材料與方法 11
2.1測站位置 11
2.2採樣方法 13
2.2.1海水 13
2.2.2海草 15
2.2.3沉積物 15
2.3樣品分析 17
2.3.1試劑配製 17
2.3.2海水分析前處理 17
2.3.3海草 18
2.3.4沉積物 19
2.3.5 樣品微量金屬分析 19
第三章 結果與討論 23
3.1 東沙氣象及水文資料 23
3.2 東沙水域海水微量金屬 25
3.3 沉積物粒徑及微量金屬濃度 35
3.3.1 東沙沉積物的組成成分 35
3.3.2 沉積物粒徑分析 35
3.3.3 沉積物微量金屬濃度 36
3.4圓葉水絲草生長速率及微量金屬濃度 40
3.4.1 圓葉水絲草生長速率 40
3.4.2葉片取樣部位微量金屬濃度的差異 43
3.4.3海草微量金屬濃度的測站間差異 47
3.4.4 園葉水絲草微量金屬濃度季節性變化 49
3.5 海草、海水及沉積物的相關性 60
3.6 與前人文獻的圓葉水絲草濃度比較 61
第四章 結論 65
第五章 參考文獻 66
附錄 72
參考文獻 References
王玉懷、洪佳章,2009.,東沙環礁國家公園海洋環境長期調查研究(一),海洋國家公園管理處、共193頁。
東沙國際海洋研究站,http://dongsha.mr.nsysu.edu.tw/bin/home.php。
林幸助,2010,波光綠茵,海洋國家公園管理處,共207頁。
宮守業,2013,東沙島全新世地質演化研究成果報告,海洋國家公園管理處,共100頁。
海洋國家公園管理處, http://www.marine.gov.tw/。
許明光、劉安國,2010,科學發展,446期,52~61頁。
Acar, O., Kalfa, O.M., Yalcinkaya, Ö. and Turker, A.R., 2010. Calcium, Magnesium, Iron, Zinc, Cadmium, Lead, Copper and Chromium Determinations in Brown Meagre (Sciaena Umbra) Bone Stone by Flame and Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. Gazi University Journal of Science, 23(1): 41-48.
Agawin, N.S., Duarte, C.M., Fortes, M.D., Uri, J. and Vermaat, J.E., 2001. Temporal changes in the abundance, leaf growth and photosynthesis of three co-occurring Philippine seagrasses. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 260(2): 217-239.
Al-Rousan, S.A., Al-Shloul, R.N., Al-Horani, F.A. and Abu-Hilal, A.H., 2007. Heavy metal contents in growth bands of Porites corals: Record of anthropogenic and human developments from the Jordanian Gulf of Aqaba. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 54(12): 1912-1922.
Atwood, S.A. et al., 2013. Size resolved measurements of springtime aerosol particles over the northern South China Sea. Atmospheric Environment, 78: 134-143.
Baudo, R., 1985. Transfer of trace elements along the aquatic food chain. Mem. Ist. Ital. Idrobiol, 43: 281-309.
Benoit, G., Hunter, K.S. and Rozan, T.F., 1997. Sources of Trace Metal Contamination Artifacts during Collection, Handling, and Analysis of Freshwaters. Analytical Chemistry, 69(6): 1006-1011.
Bortone, S.A., 1999. Seagrasses: monitoring, ecology, physiology, and management. CRC Press.
Brüggemann, W., van der Kooij, T.A. and van Hasselt, P.R., 1992. Long-term chilling of young tomato plants under low light and subsequent recovery. Planta, 186(2): 179-187.
Bristow, J.M. and Whitcombe, M., 1971. The role of roots in the nutrition of aquatic vascular plants. American Journal of Botany: 8-13.
Bruland, K.W., Coale, K.H. and Mart, L., 1985. Analysis of seawater for dissolved cadmium, copper and lead: An intercomparison of voltammetric and atomic absorption methods. Marine Chemistry, 17(4): 285-300.
Campanella, L., Conti, M., Cubadda, F. and Sucapane, C., 2001. Trace metals in seagrass, algae and molluscs from an uncontaminated area in the Mediterranean. Environmental Pollution, 111(1): 117-126.
Campbell, S.J., McKenzie, L.J. and Kerville, S.P., 2006. Photosynthetic responses of seven tropical seagrasses to elevated seawater temperature. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 330(2): 455-468.
Chao, S.-Y., Ko, D.-S., Lien, R.-C. and Shaw, P.-T., 2007. Assessing the west ridge of Luzon Strait as an internal wave mediator. Journal of Oceanography, 63(6): 897-911.
Clemens, S., Palmgren, M.G. and Krämer, U., 2002. A long way ahead: understanding and engineering plant metal accumulation. Trends in Plant Science, 7(7): 309-315.
David, C.P., 2003. Heavy metal concentrations in growth bands of corals: a record of mine tailings input through time (Marinduque Island, Philippines). Marine Pollution Bulletin, 46(2): 187-196.
Denny, P., 1980. Solute movement in submerged angiosperms. Biological Reviews, 55(1): 65-92.
Depledge, M.H. and Rainbow, P.S., 1990. Models of regulation and accumulation of trace metals in marine invertebrates. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Comparative Pharmacology, 97(1): 1-7.
Dunton, K.H., 1990. Production ecology of Ruppia maritima L. sl and Halodule wrightii Aschers, in two subtropical estuaries. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 143(3): 147-164.
Everard, M. and Denny, P., 1985. Flux of lead in submerged plants and its relevance to a freshwater system. Aquatic Botany, 21(2): 181-193.
Fourqurean, J.W., Zieman, J.C. and Powell, G.V.N., 1992. Relationships between porewater nutrients and seagrasses in a subtropical carbonate environment. Marine Biology, 114(1): 57-65.
Franzin, W. and McFarlane, G., 1980. An analysis of the aquatic macrophyte, Myriophyllum exalbescens, as an indicator of metal contamination of aquatic ecosystems near a base metal smelter. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 24(1): 597-605.
Fritioff, Å. and Greger, M., 2006. Uptake and distribution of Zn, Cu, Cd, and Pb in an aquatic plant Potamogeton natans. Chemosphere, 63(2): 220-227.
Fu, K.-H., Wang, Y.-H., Laurent, L.S., Simmons, H. and Wang, D.-P., 2012. Shoaling of large-amplitude nonlinear internal waves at Dongsha Atoll in the northern South China Sea. Continental Shelf Research, 37: 1-7.
Gacia, E. et al., 2003. Sediment deposition and production in SE-Asia seagrass meadows. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 56(5): 909-919.
Gamberg, M. et al., 2005. Spatial and temporal trends of contaminants in terrestrial biota from the Canadian Arctic. Science of the Total Environment, 351: 148-164.
Govers, L.L. et al., 2014. Seagrasses as indicators for coastal trace metal pollution: a global meta-analysis serving as a benchmark, and a Caribbean case study. Environ Pollut, 195: 210-7.
Hall-Spencer, J.M. et al., 2008. Volcanic carbon dioxide vents show ecosystem effects of ocean acidification. Nature, 454(7200): 96-99.
Ho, T.-Y. et al., 2010. Trace metal cycling in the surface water of the South China Sea: Vertical fluxes, composition, and sources. Limnology and Oceanography, 55(5): 1807-1820.
Ho, T.-Y., Wen, L.-S., You, C.-F. and Lee, D.-C., 2007. The trace metal composition of size‐fractionated plankton in the South China Sea: Biotic versus abiotic sources. Limnology and Oceanography, 52(5): 1776-1788.
Hou, X. and Yan, X., 1998. Study on the concentration and seasonal variation of inorganic elements in 35 species of marine algae. Science of The Total Environment, 222(3): 141-156.
Hsu, S.-C. et al., 2010. Sources, solubility, and dry deposition of aerosol trace elements over the East China Sea. Marine Chemistry, 120(1–4): 116-127.
Hsu, S.C. et al., 2007. Water‐soluble species in the marine aerosol from the northern South China Sea: High chloride depletion related to air pollution. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 112(D19).
Hsu, S.C. et al., 2013. A super Asian dust storm over the East and South China Seas: Disproportionate dust deposition. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 118(13): 7169-7181.
Hutchinson, G.E., 1975. A treatise on limnology. Volume III. Limnological botany. Wiley.
Ip, C.C.M., Li, X.-D., Zhang, G., Wai, O.W.H. and Li, Y.-S., 2007. Trace metal distribution in sediments of the Pearl River Estuary and the surrounding coastal area, South China. Environmental Pollution, 147(2): 311-323.
Jayaraju, N., Sundara Raja Reddy, B.C. and Reddy, K.R., 2009. Heavy Metal Pollution in Reef Corals of Tuticorin Coast, Southeast Coast of India. Soil and Sediment Contamination: An International Journal, 18(4): 445-454.
Jiann, K.-T. and Presley, B.J., 2002. Preservation and determination of trace metal partitioning in river water by a two-column ion exchange method. Analytical Chemistry, 74(18): 4716-4724.
Knowlton, M.F., Boyle, T.P. and Jones, J.R., 1983. Uptake of lead from aquatic sediment by submersed macrophytes and crayfish. Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology, 12(5): 535-541.
Lauenstein, G. and Cantillo, A.Y., 1998. Sampling and analytical methods of the national status and trends program mussel watch project: 1993-1996 update.
Lee, K.-S., Park, S.R. and Kim, Y.K., 2007. Effects of irradiance, temperature, and nutrients on growth dynamics of seagrasses: A review. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 350(1–2): 144-175.
Lin, I.I., Chen, J.-P., Wong, G.T.F., Huang, C.-W. and Lien, C.-C., 2007. Aerosol input to the South China Sea: Results from the MODerate Resolution Imaging Spectro-radiometer, the Quick Scatterometer, and the Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere Sensor. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 54(14-15): 1589-1601.
Lin, N.-H. et al., 2013. An overview of regional experiments on biomass burning aerosols and related pollutants in Southeast Asia: From BASE-ASIA and the Dongsha Experiment to 7-SEAS. Atmospheric Environment, 78: 1-19.
Liu, X. et al., 2006. P and trace metal contents in biomaterials, soils, sediments and plants in colony of red-footed booby (Sula sula) in the Dongdao Island of South China Sea. Chemosphere, 65(4): 707-715.
Llagostera, I., Pérez, M. and Romero, J., 2011. Trace metal content in the seagrass Cymodocea nodosa: Differential accumulation in plant organs. Aquatic Botany, 95(2): 124-128.
Luy, N. et al., 2012. Chemical contamination along the Mediterranean French coast using Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile above-ground tissues: a multiple trace element study. Ecological Indicators, 18: 269-277.
Lyngby, J.E., Brix, H. and Schierup, H.-H., 1982. Absorption and translocation of zinc in eelgrass (Zostera marina L.). Journal of experimental marine biology and ecology, 58(2): 259-270.
Mahajan, S. and Tuteja, N., 2005. Cold, salinity and drought stresses: an overview. Archives of biochemistry and biophysics, 444(2): 139-158.
Malea, P. and Kevrekidis, T., 2013. Trace element (Al, As, B, Ba, Cr, Mo, Ni, Se, Sr, Tl, U and V) distribution and seasonality in compartments of the seagrass Cymodocea nodosa. Science of The Total Environment, 463-464: 611-623.
Nienhuis, P., 1986. Background levels of heavy metals in nine tropical seagrass species in Indonesia. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 17(11): 508-511.
Niu, X., Bressan, R.A., Hasegawa, P.M. and Pardo, J.M., 1995. Ion homeostasis in NaCl stress environments. Plant physiology, 109(3): 735.
Norisuye, K., Ezoe, M., Nakatsuka, S., Umetani, S. and Sohrin, Y., 2007. Distribution of bioactive trace metals (Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn and Cd) in the Sulu Sea and its adjacent seas. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 54(1–2): 14-37.
Nriagu, J.O., 1989. A global assessment of natural sources of atmospheric trace metals. Nature, 338(6210): 47-49.
Oliva, S., Mascaró, O., Llagostera, I., Pérez, M. and Romero, J., 2012. Selection of metrics based on the seagrass Cymodocea nodosa and development of a biotic index (CYMOX) for assessing ecological status of coastal and transitional waters. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 114: 7-17.
Prange, J. and Dennison, W., 2000. Physiological responses of five seagrass species to trace metals. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 41(7): 327-336.
Rainbow, P.S., 1985. The biology of heavy metals in the sea. International Journal of Environmental Studies, 25(3): 195-211.
Ralph, P.J., 1998. Photosynthetic response of laboratory-cultured Halophila ovalis to thermal stress. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 171: 123-130.
Salomons, W. and Förstner, U., 1984. Metals in the hydrocycle (p. 349). Berlin: Springer.
Sanchiz, C., Garcı́a-Carrascosa, A.M. and Pastor, A., 2001. Relationships between sediment physico-chemical characteristics and heavy metal bioaccumulation in Mediterranean soft-bottom macrophytes. Aquatic Botany, 69(1): 63-73.
Schindler, P.W., 1991. The regulation of heavy metal concentrations in natural aquatic systems. Heavy metals in the environment, 1: 95-123.
Short, F.T., 1987. Effects of sediment nutrients on seagrasses: literature review and mesocosm experiment. Aquatic Botany, 27(1): 41-57.
Short, F.T. and Duarte, C.M., 2001. Methods for the measurement of seagrass growth and production. Global seagrass research methods: 155-182.
Song, Y. et al., 2014. Past 140-year environmental record in the northern South China Sea: Evidence from coral skeletal trace metal variations. Environmental Pollution, 185: 97-106.
Thangaradjou, T., Nobi, E., Dilipan, E., Sivakumar, K. and Susila, S., 2010. Heavy metal enrichment in seagrasses of Andaman Islands and its implication to the health of the coastal ecosystem. Indian Journal of Marine Sciences, 39(1): 85-91.
Thom, R., 1990. Spatial and temporal patterns in plant standing stock and primary production in a temperate seagrass system. Botanica marina, 33(6): 497-510.
Touchette, B.W., 2007. Seagrass-salinity interactions: Physiological mechanisms used by submersed marine angiosperms for a life at sea. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 350(1–2): 194-215.
Wang, T. et al., 2005. Measurements of trace gases in the inflow of South China Sea background air and outflow of regional pollution at Tai O, Southern China. Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry, 52(3): 295-317.
Warnau, M., Fowler, S.W. and Teyssié, J.-L., 1996. Biokinetics of selected heavy metals and radionuclides in two marine macrophytes: the seagrass Posidonia oceanica and the alga Caulerpa taxifolia. Marine Environmental Research, 41(4): 343-362.
Wen, L.-S., Jiann, K.-T. and Santschi, P.H., 2006. Physicochemical speciation of bioactive trace metals (Cd, Cu, Fe, Ni) in the oligotrophic South China Sea. Marine Chemistry, 101(1-2): 104-129.
Wood, J.M., 1974. Biological cycles for toxic elements in the environment. Science (Washington, DC);(United States), 183(4129).
Yeo, A., 1998. Molecular biology of salt tolerance in the context of whole-plant physiology. Journal of Experimental Botany, 49(323): 915-929.
YSI, https://www.ysi.com/.
電子全文 Fulltext
本電子全文僅授權使用者為學術研究之目的,進行個人非營利性質之檢索、閱讀、列印。請遵守中華民國著作權法之相關規定,切勿任意重製、散佈、改作、轉貼、播送,以免觸法。
論文使用權限 Thesis access permission:自定論文開放時間 user define
開放時間 Available:
校內 Campus: 已公開 available
校外 Off-campus: 已公開 available


紙本論文 Printed copies
紙本論文的公開資訊在102學年度以後相對較為完整。如果需要查詢101學年度以前的紙本論文公開資訊,請聯繫圖資處紙本論文服務櫃台。如有不便之處敬請見諒。
開放時間 available 已公開 available

QR Code