本研究探討箱網養殖海鱺 (cobia, Rachycentron canadum)年齡5∼31週間體脂肪組織的變化並分析細胞大小密度與脂肪生成相關生理參數之變化和關聯。自同批次箱網養殖海鱺於孵化後於5、7、9、13、17、21、26及31週分別採樣，分析肝臟脂肪酸合成酶 (Fatty acid synthase, FAS)、蘋果酸酶 (Mailc enzyme, ME)及葡萄糖-6-磷酸脫氫酶 (Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, G6PDH)活性與血清總三酸甘油酯、總膽固醇、磷脂質與游離脂肪酸濃度，並自肝臟、腹部肌肉與背部肌肉組織採樣分析脂肪細胞直徑分佈及細胞濃度。海鱺孵化後5週平均體重為13.6 ± 0.5 g，於中間育成場成長至87.5 ± 3.8 g後移入箱網，養殖至31週平均體重1690.8 ± 106.6 g。海鱺肝臟、腹部肌肉與背部肌肉脂肪含量皆隨養殖時間增長顯著增加，31週肝臟脂肪含量36.1 ± 3.2%、腹部肌肉脂肪含量14.8 ± 0.2%、背部肌肉脂肪含量4.6 ± 0.0%。海鱺肝臟脂肪酸合成酶活性無顯著變化；蘋果酸酶活性於海鱺移入箱網之後顯著增加；葡萄糖-6-磷酸脫氫酶活性隨成長顯著降低。血清總三酸甘油酯及磷脂質濃度隨養殖時間增長顯著增加，總膽固醇濃度則無顯著變化，游離脂肪酸濃度以9週及13週最高。肝臟脂肪細胞直徑隨海鱺箱網養殖時間增加而且有變小趨勢，肝臟脂肪細胞密度於13週顯著增加，17週後脂肪細胞密度維持在3070∼3356 x 104 cell/g tissue之間不再明顯變化。腹部肌肉脂肪細胞密度於13週顯著增加且隨養殖時間增長而增加，脂肪細胞平均直徑及中數無明顯趨勢變化。背部肌肉脂肪細胞密度亦於13週顯著增加，17週後脂肪細胞密度維持在255∼269 x 104 cell/g tissue之間不再顯著增加，脂肪細胞平均直徑及中數無明顯趨勢變化。由以上結果顯示：海鱺脂肪細胞在體重100∼400 g年齡7∼17週間大量生成 (hyperplasia)，細胞變大 (hypertrophy)的現象在養殖至31週時並無出現，但中間育成階段未進入箱網養殖之前，肝臟脂肪細胞似有hypertrophy的現象。

This research investigated the changes in body adipocyte size and density as well as parameters relating to adipogenesis in growing cobia, Rachycentron canadum. The cobia from a same batch were sampled 5 , 7 , 9 , 13 , 17 , 21 , 26 and 31 weeks after hatching, Liver activities of fatty acid synthase, (FAS), mailc enzyme (ME), and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) as well as serum total triacylglycerol (TG), total cholesterol (TC), phospholipid (PL), non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) were assayed. Adipocyte abundance and size spectrum in liver, ventral muscle and dorsal muscle were determined. The cobia attained an average weight of 13.6 ± 0.5 g at week 5, and were cultured in nursery outdoor ponds until an average weight 87.5 ± 3.8 g when moved to open ocean cages. They grew to an average weight 1690.8 ± 106.6 g at week 31. The crude lipid content in liver, ventral and dorsal muscle increased significantly with fish age, and were 36.1 ± 3.2 g, 14.8 ± 0.2g, 4.6 ± 0.0 g at week 31. No significant change was found in hepatic FAS activity. Hepatic ME activity increased significantly after the fish were stocked in the cages. Whilr hepatic ME activity reduced with age, TG and PL were both increased significantly with age. While adipocyte diameter in liver showed a decreasing trend as the fish grew its abundance increased significantly at week 13 and maintained between 3070∼3356 x 104 cell/g tissue during week 17-31. Similarly, adipocyte abundance in ventral muscle increased significantly at week 13, and maintained between 255∼269 x 104 cell/g tissue afterwards. There was no significant change in size of ventral muscle adipocyte as fish grew. These results indicate that the adipocyte hyperplasia occurred during week 7- 13, when body weight was 100- 400 g. Adipocyte hypertrophy was observed when the fish reached week 31, there was a sign of adipocyte hypertrophy in liver when the fish were at the last phase of nursery outdoor ponds before being moved to the offshore cages.

目錄
中文摘要……………………………………………………………………………Ⅰ
英文摘要……………………………………………………………………………Ⅲ
目錄…………………………………………………………………………………Ⅳ
表目錄………………………………………………………………………………Ⅴ
圖目錄………………………………………………………………………………Ⅵ
文獻整理……………………………………………………………………………1
壹、前言……………………………………………………………………………8
貳、材料與方法……………………………………………………………………10
參、結果……………………………………………………………………………18
肆、討論……………………………………………………………………………38
伍、結論……………………………………………………………………………43
陸、參考文獻………………………………………………………………………44

王廣軍、李霞，2003。海鱺之營養需求研究進展。養魚世界，27：39–43。
朱承天，2001。台北魚市示範推廣海鱺壽司現場製作。漁業推廣月刊，176：21–22。
李玉蘭，2000。箱網養殖海鱺之化學組成特性及其季節與儲存變化。國立台灣海洋大學食品科學系碩士學位論文。
李秀女，1999。海上箱網養殖「海鱺」美食隆重登場全省各大餐廳聯合促銷。漁業推廣月刊，154：168–169。
李愛杰，1998。水產動物營養與飼料學。水產出版社。
沈士傑，1993。臺灣魚類誌，南天書局。
邵廣昭，1996。台灣常見魚介貝類圖說 (下)，台灣省漁業局。
施瑔芳，1999。魚類生理學。水產出版社。
黃何興，2000。飼料油脂對海鱺幼魚成長與體組成的影響。國立中山大學海洋生物研究所碩士論文。
張賜玲、謝介士、周瑞良、蘇茂森，1999。海鱺繁養殖技術簡介。養魚世界，9：14–26。
須山三千三、鴻巢章二，1987。水產食品學，恆星社厚生閣。
漁業署，2005。中華民國台灣地區漁業統計年報，行政院漁業署。
陳冠全、李權峰、陳岳川，2006。漫談海鱺繁養殖以及未來展望。養魚世界，1：35–49。
Ando, S., and Y. Mori. 1993. Charactertics of serum lipoprotein features associated with lipid levers of muscle and liver from five species of fish. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi 59: 1565–1571.
AOAC (Association of Official Analytic Chemists). 1984. Official Methods of Analysis. 13th edition. Washington, D. C., USA.
Aoki, T., K. Takada, and N. Kunisaki. 1991. On the study of proximate composition, mineral, fatty acid, free amino acid, muscle hardness, and color difference of six species of wild and culture fishes. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi 57: 1927–1934.
Baldner, G. L., R. E. Flatt, R. N. Shaw, and D. C. Beitz. 1985. Fatty acid biosynthesis in liver and adipose tissue from dogs. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B 82: 153–156.
Barroso, J. B., J. peragón, L.García-Salguero, M. Higuera, and J. A. Lupiáñez. 1999. Kinetic behavior and protein expression of hepatic NADPH-production systems during development of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture 179: 375–385.
Bazin, R., and P. Ferrĕ, 2000. Methods in Molecular Biology. Pages 121–127 in G. Ailhaud, editor. Adipose Tissue Protocols. Humana Press Inc., Totowa, NJ.
Catacutan, M. R., and R. M. Coloso. 1997. Growth of juvenile asian seabass, Lates Calcarifer, fed carbohydrate and lipid levels. Aquaculture 149:137–144.
Cejas, J. R., E. Almansa, S. Jérez, A. Bolaños, M. Samper, and A. Lorenzo. 2004. Lipid and fatty acid composition of muscle and liver from wild and captive mature female broodsock of white seabream, Diplodus sargus. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B 138: 91–102.
Chou, R. L., M. S. Su, and H. Y. Chen. 2001. Optimal dietary protein and lipid levels for juvenile cobia (Rachycentron canadum). Aquaculture 193: 81–89.
Corraze, G. 2001. Nutrition and feeding of fish and crustaceans. Pages 111–129 in J. Guillaume, S. Kaushik, P. Bergot and R. Metailler, editors. Lipid nutrition. Praxis Press Inc., Chichester, UK.
Dias, J., M. J. Alvarez, A. Diez, J. Arzel, G. Corraze, J. M. Bautista, and S. J. Kaushik. 1998. Regulation of hepatic lipogenesis by dietary protein/energy in juvenile European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Aquaculture 161:169–186.
Fauconneau, B., S. Andre, J. Chmaitilly, P. Y. Le Bail, F. Krieg, and S. J. Kaushik. 1997. Control of skeletal muscle fibers and adipose cells size in the flesh of rainbow trout. Journal of Fish Biology 50: 296–314.
Gélineau, A., G. Corraze, T. Boujard, L. Larroque, and S. Kaushik. 2001. Relation between dietary lipid level and voluntary feed intake, growth, nutrient gain, lipid deposition and hepatic lipogenesis in rainbow trout. Reproduction Nutrition Development 41: 487–503.
Greene, D. H. S., and D. P. Selivonchick. 1987. Lipid metabolism in fish. Progress in Lipid Research 26: 53–85.
Guglielmo, C. G., T. D. Wailliams, G. Zwingelstein, G. Brichon, and J. M. Weber. 2002. Plasma and muscle phospholipids are involved in the metabolic response to ling-distance migration in a shorebird. Journal of Comparative Physiology B 173: 409–417.
Hemer, G. I., and K. Sandnes. 1999. Effect of dietary lipid level on muscle composition in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Aquaculture Nutrition 5: 9–16.
Henderson, R. J., and D. R. Tocher. 1987. The lipid composition and biochemistry of freshwater fish. Progress in Lipid Research 26: 281–347.
Hirano, T., H. Nakamura, and M. Suyuma. 1980. Quality of wild and cultured ayu–II seasonal variation of proximate composition. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi 45: 75–78.
Hood, R. L., and R. F. Thornton. 1980. A technique to study the relationship between adipose cell size and lipogenesis in a heterogeneous population of adipose cells. Journal of Lipid Research 21: 1132–1136.
Hung, S. S., and T. Storebakken. 1994. Carbohydrate utilization by rainbow trout is affected by feeding strategy. Journal of Nutrition 124: 223–230.
Ingle, D. L., D. E. Bauman, and U. S. Garrigus. 1972. Lipogenesis in the ruminant: in vivo site of fatty acid synthesis in sheep. Journal of Nutrition 102: 617–624.
Ioka, H., and H. Yamanaka. 1997. Quality evaluation of the muscle of cultured plaice fed with three different diets. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi 63: 370–377.
Jantrarotai, W., P. Sitasi, and S. Rajchapakdee. 1994. The optimum carbohydrate to lipid ratio in hybrid Clarias catfish (Clarias marcrocephal x C. gariepinus) diet containing raw broken rice. Aquaculture 127:61–68.
Kayama, M., and N. Iijima. 1976. Studies on lipid transport mechanism in fish. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi 42: 987-996.
Kersen, S., J. Seydoux, J. M. Peters, F. J. Gonzales, B. Desvergne, and W. Wahli. 1999. Peroxisome proliferaor-activated receptor α mediates the adaptive response to fasting. The Journal of Clinical Investigation 103: 1489–1498.
Kim, H. K., S. Choi, and H. Choi. 2004. Suppression of hepatic fatty acid synthase by feeding α-linolenic acid rich perilla oil lowers plasma triacylglycerol level in rats. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry 15: 485–492.
Kora, H., M. Fujio, S. Osato, T. Doi, T. Misima, K. Tachibana, and M. suchimoto. 1990. Relationship between thickness coefficient and body fat on culture red sea bream. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi 56: 1279–1284.
Likimani, T. A., and R. P. Wilson. 1982. Effects of diet on lipogenic enzyme activities in channel catfish hepatic and adipose tissue. Journal of Nutrition 112: 112–117.
Lin, H., D. R. Romsos, P. I. Tack, and G. A. Leveille. 1977a. Influence of dietary lipid on lipogenic enzyme activities in coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum)). Journal of Nutrition 107: 846–954.
Lin, H., D. R. Romsos, P. I. Tack, and G. A. Leveille. 1977b. Effects of fasting and feeding various diets on hepatic lipogenic enzyme activities in coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum)). Journal of Nutrition 107: 1477–1483.
Maroni, B.J., R. Haesemeyer, L.K. Wilson, and M. DiGirolamo. 1981. Electronic determination of size and number in isolated unfixed adipocyte populations. Journal of Lipid Research 31: 1703–1709.
Mayes, P. A, and D. A. Bender. 2003. Overview of Metabolism. Pages 122–129 in R. K. Murray, D. K. Granner, P. A. Mayes and V. W. Rodwell, editors. Harper`s Illustrated Biochemistry. MaGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., New York.
Mayes, P. A, and K. M. Botham. 2003. Biosynthesis of Fatty Acids. Pages 173–179 in R. K. Murray, D. K. Granner, P. A. Mayes and V. W. Rodwell, editors. Harper`s Illustrated Biochemistry. MaGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., New York.
Mooradian, A. D., and S. G. Albert. 1999. The age-related changes in lipogenic enzyme: the role of dietary factors and thyroid hormone responsiveness. Mechanisms of Ageing and Development 108: 139–149.
Morishita, T., K. Uno, N. Imura, and T. Takahashi. 1987. Variation with growth in the proximate compositions of cultured red sea bream. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi 53: 1601–1607.
Moulin, K., N. Truel, M. Andre, E. Arnauld, M. Nibbelink, B. Coustin, C. Dani, L. Penicaus, and L. Casteilla. 2001. Emergence during development of the white adipocyte cell phenotype is independent of the brown adipocyte cell phenotype. Biochemical Journal 356: 659–664.
O’Hea, E. K., and G. A. Leveille. 1969. Sinificance of adipose tissue and liver as sites of fatty acid synthesis in the pig and efficiency of utilization of various substrates for lipogenesis. Journal of Nutrtion 99: 338–344.
Oku, H., and H. Y. Ogata. 2000. Body lipid deposition in juveniles of red sea bream Pagrus major, yellowtail Seriola quinqueradiata, and Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. Fisheries Science 66: 25–31.
Park, S. R., 1995. Study on the seasonal change of proximate composition of striped jack, Caranx delicatissimus. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi 50: 157–177.
Periago, M. J., M. D. Ayala, O. López-Albors, I. Abdel, C. Martínez, A. García-Alcázar, G. Ros, and F. Gil. 2005.Muscle cellularity and flesh quality of wild and farmed sea bass, Dicentrachus labrax L. Aquaculture 249: 175–188.
Plunkett, S. S., J. B. Fine, and T. J. Bartness. 2000. Photoperiod and gender affect adipose tissue growth and cellularity in juvenile Syrian hamsters. Physiology & Behavior 71: 493–501.
Purroy, A., JA. Mendizabal, B. Sore, A. Arana, and FJ. Mendizabal. 1997. Changes in cell number and size and in lipogenic enzyme activity in adipose tissue during growth and fatting of Lacha (Manech) lambs. Annales de Zootechnie 46: 309–319.
Richard, M. J., J. T. Holch, and D. C. Beitz. 1989. Lipogensis in the liver and adipose tissue of the domestic cat (Felis domestica). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B 93: 561–564.
Robelin, J. 1981. Cellularity of bovine adipose tissues: developmental changes from 15 to 65 percent mature weight. Journal of Lipid Research 22: 452–457.
Shearer K. D. 1994. Factors affecting the proximate composition of cultured fishes with emphasis on salmonids. Aquaculture 119: 63–88.
Shimeno, S., H. Hosokawa, M. Takeda, S. Takayama, A. Fukui, and H. Sasaki. 1981. Adaptation of hepatic enzymes to dietary lipid in young yellowtail. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi 47: 63–69.
Suyama, M., T. Hirano, N. Okada, and T. Shibuya. 1977. Quality of wild and cultured ayu-I. On the proximate composition, free amino acids and related compounds. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi 43: 535–540.
Trayhurn, P., and JH. Beattie. 2001. Physiological role of adipose tissue: white adipose tissue as an endocrine and secretory organ. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 60: 329–339.
Wakil, S. J., J. K. Stooops, and V. C. Joshi. 1983. Fatty acid synthesis and its regulation. Annual Review of Biochemistry 52: 537–579.
Walzem, R. L., T. Storebakken, S. S. O. Hung, and R. J. Hansen. 1991. Relationship between growth and selected enzyme activities of individual rainbow trout. Journal of Nutrition 121: 1090–1098.
Wang, J. T., Y. J. Liu, L. X. Tian, K. S. Mai, Z. Y. Du, Y. Wang, and H. J. Yang. 2005. Effect of dietary lipid level on growth performance, lipid deposition, hepatic lipogenesis in juvenile cobia (Rachycentron canadum). Aquaculture 249: 439–447.
Zhou, S., R. G. Ackman, and C. Morrison. 1996. Adipocytes and lipid distribution in the muscle tissue of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 53: 326-332.