這篇論文主要比較中國的鄉鎮企業（TVE） 和菲律賓的中小型企業
（ SME ）。鄉鎮企業和中小型企業被認為是“經濟產權”，為迅速的城市化和扶貧
行業帶來的不利影響作為fiscalizer，尤其在農村地區更顯著。雙方發揮了重要作
用，即在國內生產總值（ GDP ）的貢獻和就業率。雖然兩個國家在某些方面不
同，作者就兩個國家的兩個地區，即中國廣西壯族自治區和菲律賓的Socsksargen
地區，來提出可能影響他們的經濟表現的共同點和分歧。從收集到的數據，再評估
菲律賓中小型企業與中國大陸鄉鎮企業相比之下增長緩慢的的原因。農村工業化是
從三個重要因素的角度來看：社會，經濟，和政府的支持。就這三個因素來考量，
中國的鄉鎮企業是成功的，因為所有的三個因素對他們十分有利。儘管有政府的支
持和豐富的自然資源，易取的海外主要市場提供的經濟機會，菲律賓因大規模農村
地區的貧困，人民缺乏技能和創業能力，和其他因素如廣泛的武裝衝突和各大小團
體的威脅，經濟已顯疲憊狀態。
此外，這份文件很清楚的顯示原來的要點，這要點也在第4 章?堙X“中國的
鄉鎮企業和菲律賓的中小企業越成功，就對鄉村的發展越有利” 提到。1978 年改革
後，中國已經證明了這點。從1979 年的水平，中國的鄉鎮企業在1990 年顯著上升
13 倍以上—這是從1 40 萬到1 850 萬。這包括其他的增長因素，如產值，就業和
稅收減免。1978 年的改革特徵—門戶開放政策，去集體化和去中央化等巨大的政
策，都是農村工業化的催化劑，可是其鄉鎮企業的增長是一個SULNAM（自發
的，無組織，無領袖，非意識形態，非政治性的運動）的現象。因此，社會和經濟
因素與當地政府提供的支持遠超過其他因素。無可否認，13 億人口中8 億人在農
村的中國，這是經濟增長和社會產權其中一個強大的支柱。

This thesis evaluates the comparison between China’s Township and Village
Enterprises (TVEs) and Philippines’ Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs). TVEs and
SMEs are considered “economic equity” programs of the two countries that serve both as
a fiscalizer of the adverse effects of rapid urbanization and as poverty alleviation industry,
more specifically in the rural areas. Both economic equities play an important role in
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) contribution and employment rate. Although the two
countries differ in some aspects, the author compared two regions from each country,
namely Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region in China and SOCSKSARGEN Region in
the Philippines, to situate the shared commonalities and differences that may affect their
economic performance. From the data gathered, the research proceeded to evaluate the
reasons for the slow growth of SMEs in the Philippines as compared with the TVEs in
Mainland China. The rural industrialization was viewed from the perspective of three
important factors: societal, economic, and government policy support. After examining
these three factors, China’s TVEs proved to be successful because all the three factors
have been favorable to them. On the Philippines’ side, despite all the government
support and economic opportunities attendant to it such as its richness in natural
resources and good trade access to major foreign markets, there seemed to be sluggish
economic growth brought about by societal factors like massive poverty in the rural areas,
lack of skills and entrepreneurial capabilities, and other factors such as the prevalence of
armed conflicts between the government and the various threat groups in some regions.
Furthermore, this paper has driven home the point as exhaustively shown in the
discussions in Chapter 4 that - “the more successful China’s TVEs and Philippines’
SMEs are, the better for the rural development of the country”. China has proven this
after the 1978 reforms when in 1990 TVEs dramatically rose 13 times more from its 1979
level - that is from 1.4 million to 18.5million. This included other factors of growth like
output value, employment and taxes remitted. While the features of the 1978 reforms -
open door policy, decollectivization and decentralization, among others, were macro
policies which fertiled the soil for rural industrialization in China, its TVEs growth was
in a SULNAM (Spontaneous, Unorganized, Leaderless, Non-ideological, Apolitical
Movement) phenomenon. Thus, it was more of societal and economic factors with the
local government providing the policy support. Undeniably, it is one of the strong pillars
of China’s economic growth and social-equity considering that 800 million of the 1.3
billion population of China is in the countryside.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Cover Page…………………………………………………… i
Title Page……………………………………………………. ii
Endorsement Sheet…………………………………………. iv
Chinese Abstract……………………………………………. v
English Abstract…………………………………………….. vii
Dedication…………………………………………………… ix
Acknowledgment……………………………………………. x
List of Figures and Table…………………………………… xvii
List of Annexes……………………………………………… xviii
Abbreviations……………………………………………….. xix


CHAPTER
I INTRODUCTION……………………………. 1
Background of the Study……………………… 1
Research Motivation…………………………... 14
Research Problem and Hypothesis..…………… 18
II THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK……………... 26
Theories………………………………………… 26
Conceptual Framework………………………… 50
III RESEARCH METHOD………………………… 56
Research Design………………………………… 56
Research Instrument…………………………….. 57
Document Analyses……………………... 57
Interview of Key Informants……………. 57
Focused Group Discussion……………… 58
Data Analysis……………………………………. 59
Research Analytical Paradigm…………………... 59
IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS……………….. 62
The Growth of TVEs in China…………………... 69
Diverse Regional Models of TVE Development… 84
The Transformation of TVEs in the New Century 88
Poverty in the Philippines – An Overview………. 93
SME Agenda: An Integrated Approach…………. 101
V SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATION…………………………… 105
Summary and Highlights of Findings……………… 105
Conclusions………………………………………… 118
Recommendation…………………………………… 119

BIBLIOGRAPHY………………………………………………………. 125
ANNEXES…………………………………………………………………. 130

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