土壤及地下水(以下簡稱土水)污染屬非感官性污染，污染的概況與嚴重性往往不易被察覺，須藉由調查工作後才可發現場址已受污染。在土水污染調查工作中經常可見農地、工廠、加油站及儲槽等發生污染事件，其中又以加油站及儲槽受油品污染最為常見。油品中包括的總石油碳氫化合物(total petroleum hydrocarbon, TPH)、汽油添加劑-甲基第三丁基醚(methyl tertiary-butyl ether, MTBE)、苯、甲苯、乙苯及二甲苯[BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes)]及三甲基苯[TMB(1,2,4-trimethylbnezene及1,3,5-trimethylbenzene)]等主要成份均會對人體造成危害。針對受TPH污染之場址進行健康風險評估有其難度，因風險評估的基礎假設係以單一化學物質進行其健康風險評估，對於含多種不同碳數化合物的TPH污染會有適用上的困難，且要將TPH中各組分有效分離更要克服分析技術上的門檻。本研究即針對台灣南部某一受TPH污染之場址進行健康風險計算，評估場址之污染濃度與健康風險。評估結果顯示，場址內成人受體之非致癌風險值為1.44×10-4、孩童受體之非致癌風險值亦為1.44；場址外成人受體之非致癌風險值為、孩童受體之非致癌風險值為，皆係屬於可接受之風險值，此風險評估結果可知，在低污染濃度下(如符合法規標準)，其成人與孩童之風險值並無顯著差異，皆可符合法規規範之風險限值。然而，在相隔50公尺之區域，風險值卻會有顯著變化，可知當地下水的污染蒸氣蒸散置大氣中時，皆由大氣傳輸，可降低其污染濃度，進而降低受體所承受之風險。此外，本研究場址之污染物濃度符合土壤及地下水污染管制標準，且健康風險計算之結果亦符合風險規範之現值，此表示TPH污染物之毒性應屬於非急毒性之化合物，因當其少量存在時(如污染濃度極低)，其風險值並未超過法規限值。

non-sensory. A survey and severity of the pollution on a contaminated site cannot often be easily identified without carrying out investigations. In the SG pollution investigation, pollutions can often be found in farmlands, factories, gas stations and storage tanks. Gas stations and storage tanks, in particular, are commonly seen contaminated by oil products. The key components found in oils products inclusive of total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH), petrol additives- methyl tertiary-butyl ether (MTBE), BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes) and TMB (1,2,4-trimethylbnezene and 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene) pose health risks to human body. There is a certain degree of difficulty to assess the health risks that are exposed to the sites which are contaminated by TPH. The health risk assessment is based on the hypothesis of one single chemical element; therefore, when it is applied to TPH pollutions with multiple carbon compounds, it becomes more complicated. Besides, the analytic and technical threshold has to be overcome to separate the compound, TPH effectively. This study was conducted on one of the TPH contaminated sites in the south of Taiwan where the health risk calculation, evaluation of the pollution concentrations and health risks on the pollution sites was carried out. The result of evaluation revealed that on-site, non-cancerigenic risk value in adult and child receptors was the same, 1.44×10-4; whereas off-site, non-cancerigenic risk value in adult and child receptors fell in the acceptable range. The result disclosed that, under the circumstances of low pollution concentrations (if abiding by laws and regulations), there was no significant difference between adult and child risk value, both of which met the requirement of regulations in risk limiting values. However, the risk value represented profound variations in areas just 50 meters away, from which we learned that when vapors of the contaminated groundwater evaporated into atmosphere, the pollution concentration reduced by means of atmospheric transmission. It then further lowered risks that receptors were exposed to. In addition, pollution concentration of the site in this study met the standards of soil and groundwater pollution control and the result of health risk calculation also conformed to the standards of risk limiting values. This indicated that the toxicity in the TPH-contained pollutants should be in the category of non-acute toxic compounds because the risk value did not exceed the legal limit in the existence of small volume (e.g. in the condition of extremely low pollution concentration).

謝誌 I
中文摘要 II
Abstract III
目錄 V
表目錄 VII
圖目錄 VIII
第一章 前言 1
1.1 研究緣起 1
1.2 研究目的 2
第二章 文獻回顧 3
2.1 地下水受總石油碳氫化合物污染概況 3
2.2 總石油碳氫化合物污染來源及污染特性 3
2.2.1 總石油碳氫化合物污染來源 3
2.2.2 總石油碳氫化合物之危害 4
2.2.3 總石油碳氫化合物物理化學特性概述 8
2.3健康風險評估概述 8
2.3.1 健康風險評估之定義 9
2.3.2 國內土污法相關規定介紹 10
2.3.3 國內外健康風險評估法源評比 11
2.3.4 健康風險評估執行架構 11
2.3.5 層次性健康風險評估 14
2.4 不確定性分析 17
2.5 TPH健康風險評估議題 17
2.5.1 TPH健康風險評估方式 17
第三章 研究材料與方法 20
3.1 研究架構 20
3.2 研究場址選定 22
3.3 健康風險評估模式 22
3.3.1 RBCA 模式原理 23
3.3.2 RBCA健康風險評估輸入參數 25
3.4 國內健康風險評估模式 27
3.5 健康風險評估計算方式 27
3.5.1 TPH污染物風險特徵描述 39
第四章 結果與討論 45
4.1 研究場址特性 45
4.1.1 場址地質水文 45
4.1.2 場址環境敏感區域評估 46
4.1.3 場址地下水特性 49
4.1.3 場址關切污染物鑑定 50
4.1.4 污染物可能影響之生物受體 50
4.2 研究場址暴露情境評估 56
4.3 研究場址地下水暴露劑量 58
4.3.1 場址內受體暴露劑量 58
4.3.2 場址外受體暴露劑量 58
4.4 場址風險特徵描述 64
4.4.1 場內致癌風險 64
4.4.2場址內非致癌風險特徵描述 64
4.4.3 場址外致癌風險特徵描述 67
4.4.4 場址外非致癌風險特徵描述 67
4.5不同模式評估比較 70
4.6 不確定性分析 72
4.7 風險管理策略 72
第五章 結論與建議 73
5.1 結論 73
5.2 建議 73
參考文獻 74

行政院環保署，(2007)，「防救手冊」，環保署毒災應變諮詢中心。
行政院環保署，(2006)，「土壤及地下水污染場址健康風險評估評析方法及撰寫指引」。
許惠悰，(2006)，「風險評估與風險管理」，新文京開發出版股份有限公司。
經濟部能源局，http://www.moeaec.gov.tw/。
詹長權，(2003)，「健康風險評估指引」，國立台灣大學公共衛生學院職業衛生與工業衛生研究所。
陳怡君，(2006)，「污染場址健康風險評估-多介質傳輸模式選擇」，工業污染防治季刊，第98期，第47-62頁。
蔡惟安，(2009)，「以自然衰減法及風險評估進行含氯有機物污染場址之風險管理」，國立中山大學碩士論文。
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) (2005) “Toxicological Profile for Naphthalene, 1-Methylnaphthalene, and 2-Methylnaphthalene”, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services Public Health Service.
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM International) (2002) “Standard Guide for Risk-Based Corrective Action Applied at Petroleum Release Sites”, ASTM Designation: E1739-95(2002), West Conshohocken, PA, USA.
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM International) (2003) “Standard Guide for Developing Conceptual Site Models for Contaminated Sites”, Designation: ASTM E1689-95(2003), West Conshohocken, PA, USA.
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM International) (2004) “Standard Guide for Risk-Based Corrective Action”, ASTM Designation: E2081-00(2004), West Conshohocken, PA, USA.
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM International) (2005) “Standard Guide for Application of Engineering Controls to Facilitate Use or Redevelopment of Chemical-Affected Properties”, Designation: E 2435 – 05, West Conshohocken, PA, USA.
Baciocchi, R., Berardi, S., Verginelli, I. (2010) “Human health risk assessment: Models for predicting the effective exposure duration of on-site receptors exposed to contaminated groundwater”, Journal of Hazardous Materials 181(1-3), pp.226-233.
Bert, V., Seuntjens, P., Dejonghe, W., Lacherez, S., Thuy, H.T.T., Vandecasteele, B., (2009) “Phytoremediation as a management option for contaminated sediments in tidal marshes, flood control areas and dredged sediment landfill sites”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 16(7), pp.745-764.
Brar, S. K., Verma, M. R., Surampalli, Y., Misra, K., Tyagi, R. D. N., Meunier, J. F. (2006) “Blais, Bioremediation of hazardous wastes - a review”, Practice Periodical of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste Management, 10, pp.59-72.
Chen, K.F., Wu, L.C., Kao, C.M., Yang G. (2004) Application of Health Risk Assessment to Derive Cleanup Levels at a Fuel-oil Spill Site, Practice Periodical of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste Management, 8(2), pp.99-104.
Cho, I.H., Choi, K., Kang, H., Zoh, K.D. (2008) “Risk Assessment Before and After Solar Photocatalytic Degradation of BTEX Contaminated Groundwater at a Gas Station Site in Korea”, Environmental Progress, 27(4), pp.447-459.
Galperin, Y., Kaplan, I.R. (2011) “On Methods for Age-Dating Diesel Fuel Released in the Near-Surface Environment”, Environmental Forensics, 12(1), pp.3-4.
Infante, P.F. (2011) "The IARC October 2009 Evaluation of Benzene Carcinogenicity Was Incomplete and Needs to Be Reconsidered ", American Journal of Industrial Medicine , 54(2), pp.157-164.
Iturbe, R., Flores, R.M., Flores, C.R., Torres, L.G. (2004) “TPH-contaminated mexican refinery soil: Health risk assessment and the first year of changes”, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 91(1-3), pp.237-255.
Lu, R., Wu, J., Turco, R.P., Winer, A.M., Atkinson, R., Arey, J., Paulson, S.E., Lurmann, F.W., Miguel, A.H., Eiguren-Fernandez, A. (2005) “Naphthalene distributions and human exposure in a Southern California”, Atmospheric Environment, 39(3), pp. 489-507.
Nabholz, J.V. (2010) “Environmental hazard and risk assessment under the United States Toxic Substances Control Act”, Science of the Total Environment, 109, pp.649-665.
Park, I.S., Park, J.W. (2010) “A novel total petroleum hydrocarbon fractionation strategy for human health risk assessment for petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated site management”, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 179(1-3), pp.1128-1135.
Park, I.S., Park, J.W. (2011) “Determination of a risk management primer at petroleum-contaminated sites: Developing new human health risk assessment strategy”, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 185(2-3), pp.1374-1380.
TPHCGW (1997a) “Development of Fraction Specific Reference Doses (RfDs) and Reference Concentrations (RfCs) for Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH)”, Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon Criteria Working Group Series, Amherst Scientific Publishers, Danvers, MA, USA.
TPHCGW (1997b) “Selection of Representative TPH Fractions Based on Fate and Transport Considerations”, Amherst Scientific Publishers, Danvers, MA, USA.
TPHCGW (1998a) “Analysis of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Environmental Media”, Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon Criteria Working Group Series, Amherst Scientific Publishers, Danvers, MA, USA.
TPHCGW (1998b) “Composition of Petroleum Mixtures”, Amherst Scientific Publishers, Danvers, MA, USA.
TPHCGW (1999) “Human Health Risk-Based Evaluation of Petroleum Release Sites: Implementing the Working Group Approach”, Amherst Scientific Publishers, Danvers, MA, USA.
Tsai, T.T., Kao, C.M., Surampalli, R.Y., Huang, W.Y., Rao, J.P. Sensitivity analysis of risk assessment at a petroleum-hydrocarbon contaminated site, Practice Periodical of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste Management, 15(89), 2011.
Verbruggen, E.M.J. (2004) “Environmental Risk Limits for Mineral Oil (Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons)”, RIVM report 601501021/2004.
Wu, Y. W., Huang, G. H., Chakma, A. and Zeng, G. M. (2005) “Separation of petroleum hydrocarbons from soil and groundwater through enhanced bioremediation”, Energy Sources, 27, pp.221-232.
Yakov, G. and Isaac, R. K. (2011) Review of microbial processes in the near-surface environment and their implications for the chemical fingerprinting of hydrocarbon fuels. Environ. Forensics. 122, 236-252.