中文摘要
1999年9月24日，全球第一顆高解析度商業資源衛星IKONOS-2成功升空後，開啟測量技術應用之新紀元。其最高空間解析度為0.82公尺，解決了以往衛星影像空間解析度的不足，在應用上提供更細緻的空間資訊。而預期在2001年底更有其他高解析度、高光譜衛星即將陸續升空，屆時遙測影像在陸地、海域之應用勢必更為深化與廣泛，將為遙測技術應用帶來新的飛躍性發展。
本論文主要為應用IKONOS多光譜衛星影像來推估近岸水深值為研究目標。研究中有二個重點，其一為探討IKONOS影像之高解析之特性及影像之精密幾何糾正，另一為利用其多光譜影像作為水深資訊之推估工具，期能為近岸水深量測引入高解析衛星遙測科技之新發展。
在影像之精密幾何糾正方面，實驗區是選擇崎嶇的地形為研究對象，探討光束法平差模式對於CARTERRA Geo 等級之影像的適用性，其定位精度在東西向約1.83公尺，南北向約1.35公尺，高程約1.6公尺。若使用光束法平差模式進行正射糾正後之影像，其檢核點之平面精度約達2.04公尺，證明了光束法平差模式對CARTERRA Geo 等級之影像進行幾何糾正是可行的。
利用多光譜影像推估水深資料，則分別以模擬資料與墾丁南灣的實際影像資料，來互相驗證波浪效應在高解析衛星影像的影響。藉著小波多重解析度分析的概念以 Daubechies D4來分離波浪效應，其成果在精度上有顯著的改善，在10公尺內水深值之推估，精度約可達30公分；對於高解析度多光譜衛星影像應用於清澈海域之淺水水深推估，提供新的處理模式與思考方向。

Abstract
On September 24, 1999, the first high-resolution commercial nature resource satellite, IKONOS-2, had been successfully launched. This started a new era to the applications of remote sensing. The best resolution of the IKONOS imageries is 0.82m. This imagery provides more detail spatial information than previous satellites. Many high spatial resolution satellites with hyper-spectral imageries will be launched successively by the year of 2002. When the time comes, the application of remotely sensed images in the area of land and sea will certainly be more widespread. Those imageries will be the fundamental data source for digital earth.
The main purpose of this paper is to apply the IKONOS multi-spectral satellite imageries to derive the shallow water depth. Two key studies will be included as follows. The first is to discuss the high-resolution characteristics of IKONOS images and its precise geometrically correction. The other is applying the multi-spectral images to calculate water depth by regression with few field-measured bathymetry. It is anticipated that the high-resolution remote sensing technology will be an alternative tool to the shallow water bathymetric surveying.
The rugged terrain imageries of CARTERRA Geo level in Taipei County were selected and the bundle adjustment was used for precise images geometrically correction. The positioning accuracy is approximate 1.83m for east-west direction, 1.35m for north-south direction, and 1.6m for elevation. If the orthophoto is been rectified by using bundle adjustment method, the horizontal position accuracy of the check points is about 2.04m. In accordance with these results, using bundle adjustment in the CARTERRA Geo level imagery rectification has proved feasible.
In the study of using muti-spectral images to derive the shallow water depth, both simulated data, IKONOS and SPOT satellite images of South Bay in KenTing are used to verify the influence of wave effect in the satellite imageries. By means of the concept of multi-resolution analysis in wavelet theory, the Daubechies D4 coefficients is tried to filter out the wave effect. Significant improvement on the shallow water depth calculation after filtering wave effect is shown in the result. The accuracy of water depth derivation using high resolution is about 30cm for the water depth shallower than 10m. This research proves that derivation of shallow water depth by using high-resolution satellite imagery is feasibility.

目 錄
誌 謝…………..…………………………………………………………………Ⅰ
中文摘要 ……………………………………………………………………………Ⅱ
英文摘要 ……………………………………………………………………………Ⅲ
目 錄 ……………………………………………………………………………Ⅳ
圖 目 錄…………………………………………………..…………………………Ⅵ
表 目 錄…………………………………………………..…………………………Ⅷ

第一章 導論……………………………………………….. ……………………….1
1-1 前言……………………………………………….. ……………………….1
1-2 文獻回顧……………………………………………….. ………………….2
1-3 研究目的……………………………………………….. ………………….3
1-4 研究方法及流程……………………………………………….. ………….4
1-5 論文架構……………………………………………….. ………………….7

第二章 IKONOS衛星簡介……………………………………………….. ………8
2-1 衛星成像模式……………………………………………….. …………….9
2-2 IKONOS-2攝影測量模式……………………………………………...…10
2-3 IKONOS-2攝影解析度(Resolution) …………………..……………...…11
2-4 IKONOS 販售的影像種類及處理等級…………………..…………..…14
2-4-1 CARTERRA Pro…………………..……………………………14
2-4-2 CARTERRA Reference…………………………..…………..…14
2-4-3 CARTERRA Precision…………………..…………………...…15

第三章 外方位參數之求取…………………..………………………….…...……16
3-1 前言…………………..…………………………….…...…………………16
3-2 附加參數光束法平差模式…………………..……………………………17
3-2-1 函數模式…………………..……………………………………17
3-2-2 附加參數改正之形變…………………..………………………19
3-2-3 觀測方程式之組成…………………..…………………………19
3-2-4 隨機模式…………………..……………………………………22
3-3 實例分析…………………..………………………………………………22
3-3-1 實驗區域資料說明…………………..…………………………23
3-3-2 光束法平差結果…………………..……………………………26
第四章 IKONOS影像的精密的幾何糾正…………………..……………...……33
4-1 前言…………………..……………...………………………………….…33
4-2 IKONOS影像之正射化糾正之模式…………………..……………...…34
4-2-1 函數模式…………………..…………….…………………...…34
4-2-2 非線性方程式求解…………………..…………….………...…35
4-2-3 重新取樣處理(Resampling) …………..…………….………....36
4-3 實例分析…………..…………….…………………………………...…....40
4-3-1 實驗區域資料說明…….…………………………………...…..40
4-3-2 正射化糾正結果…….………………………………….…..…..41

第五章 多光譜影像之水深資料推估…….………………………………….……45
5-1 緣起…….………………………………….………………………………45
5-2 小波基本理論……………………………….………………………….…46
5-2-1 傅立葉轉換的概要(Fourier Transform, FT) ……………….….47
5-2-2 視窗傅立葉轉換(WFT) ……………….……………………….48
5-2-3 連續小波轉換………………….……………………………….49
5-2-4 離散小波轉換……………….………………………………….50
5-2-5 多重解析度分析基本概念….………………………………….51
5-2-5-1 空間觀念….……………………………….…………52
5-2-5-2 濾波器基本概念………………………….………….55
5-2-6 實際計算方法………………………….……………………….57
5-2-6-1 Haar 轉換…………………….………………………57
5-2-6-2 Daubechies D4 轉換………….………………………58
5-2-6-3 轉換處理………….……………………………….….60
5-3 水深資料提取數學模式………….……………………………….………64
5-3-1 比率演算法(Ratio Algorithms).……………………….……….65
5-3-2 清澈海域輻射計與底質係數的關係………………….……….67
5-4 波浪基本性質………………….………………………………………….67
5-5 波浪對輻射量影響…………………….………………………………….70
5-6 模擬分析………………….……………………………………………….74
5-6-1 模擬資料實驗說明……………………………………………75
5-6-2 模擬資料之處理方法…………………………………………75
5-6-3 模擬資料實驗結果……………………………………………79
5-7 實例分析…………………………………………………………………..86
5-7-1 實驗資料說明…………………………………………………86
5-7-2 IKONOS衛星影像多解析度分析比較………………………90
5-7-3 IKONOS衛星影像底質分類…………………………………94
5-7-4 研究水深解算模式……………………………………………98
5-7-5 SPOT衛星影像之比較……………………………………...111
第六章 結論與建議…………………………………………………………...123
參考文獻………………………………………………………….………………...126

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