本篇論文以金奈米粒子作為濃縮萃取試劑，對人體血漿中的胺基酸硫醇分子（Aminothiols）和奶粉中的三聚氰胺（Melamine）進行濃縮萃取，並且搭配毛細管電泳分離，能有效地提升偵測靈敏度。
一、結合金奈米粒子與毛細管電泳來檢測血漿中胺基酸硫醇的總量、自由量和蛋白質上的吸附量：
在本篇研究中，我們使用非離子型界面活性劑（聚山梨醇酯 20 ﹐Tween 20）修飾的金奈米粒子Tween 20-capped gold nanoparticles（Tween 20-AuNPs）來對人體血漿中的五種胺基酸硫醇分子（Aminothiols）進行選擇性地濃縮萃取，並結合毛細管電泳進行分離與偵測。五種aminothiols 分別為：麩胱甘肽（Glutathione﹐GSH）、麩胺酸-半胱胺酸（γ-glutamylcysteine,γ-GluCys）、半胱胺酸（Cysteine ﹐Cys）、同半胱胺酸（Homocysteine ﹐HCys）和半胱胺酸-甘胺酸（Cysteineglycine ﹐CysGly）。首先，為了得到最佳化的萃取效率，我們對Tween 20-AuNPs的數量、取代試劑
1,4-二硫蘇糖醇（Dithiothreitol ﹐DTT）的濃度和界面活性劑的種類進行探討。其次，在Tween 20-AuNPs萃取五種aminothiols的流程中，我們使用二次去離子水來清洗金奈米粒子以降低基質干擾，使得我們能用外標準校正法（external calibration curve）來進行定量。最後，
在最佳化的條件下，五種aminothiols的偵測極限可以降到10.2 - 42.4nM。另外在真實樣品的實驗流程方面，血漿中五種aminothiols的總量（Total Form）與自由量（Free form）的主要差異在於雙硫鍵還原試劑：（Tris（2-carboxyethyl）phosphine ﹐TCEP）加至血清中的先後順序。鑑於此實驗方法具備高選擇性、高靈敏度及良好的再現性，相信此技術在臨床疾病檢測上將有相當大的應用潛力。
二、利用11-巰基十一酸修飾的金奈米粒子來檢測與萃取奶粉中的三聚氰胺：本篇研究使用11-巰基十一酸（11-Mercaptoundecanoic acid﹐MUA）修飾的金奈米粒子（11-Mercaptoundecanoic acid-modified AuNPs ﹐MUA-AuNPs）來檢測奶粉中的三聚氰胺（Melamine）。由於MUA分子同時具有硫醇基和羧基，因此在合成上藉由金硫之間良好的作用力，即可將MUA分子修飾在金奈米粒子表面。在pH = 5.0時，MUA分子上的羧基會與melamine上的胺基以氫鍵的方式形成穩定的錯合物。這不僅能藉由比色法來快速鑑定melamine是否存在樣品溶液中；同時，MUA-AuNPs也可以作為melamine的萃取探針，搭配毛細管電泳來偵測較低濃度的melamine。另外，我們也修飾含有相同
官能基但是碳鏈長度不同的分子至金奈米粒子上，分別為2-巰基乙酸（Thioglycolic acid ﹐TGA）、3-巰基丙酸（3-mercaptopropionic acid ﹐MPA ）、6- 巰基己酸（ 6-mercaptohexanoic acid ）、8- 巰基辛酸
（8-mercaptooctanoic acid）和12-巰基十二酸（12-mercaptododecanoic acid），探討官能基長度是否影響奈米粒子的聚集程度。結果發現，碳鏈越短的分子對於melamine聚集程度越小，這是因為奈米粒子間距越小，產生的立體位障（Steric hindrance）越大，使得金奈米粒子無法抓取較多的melamine。在比色法的最佳化條件下，melamine的線性範圍為200 - 800 nM；然而使用毛細管電泳搭配濃縮萃取法，melamine的線性範圍可以從1.0 nM到1000 nM，其偵測極限可達0.3 nM。由於本實驗方法具備良好的靈敏度、選擇性與再現性，並且可以用比色
法和奈米粒子萃取法來同時對高濃度和低濃度的melamine快速地檢測，因此我們期盼此技術能廣泛地應用在食品檢測。

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第一章、結合金奈米粒子與毛細管電泳來檢測人體血漿中胺基酸硫醇的總量、自由量和蛋白質上的吸附量
壹、前言1
貳、藥品與方法7
一、藥品與溶液配製7
二、合成Citrate與界面活性劑修飾的金奈米粒子10
三、毛細管電泳偵測系統11
四、Aminothiols萃取流程13
五、分析人體血漿中Aminothiols的總量、自由量與蛋白質上的吸附量14
(一)Aminothiols總量的檢測15
(二)Aminothiols自由量的檢測15
參、結果與討論17
一、TCEP的功用17
二、萃取參數的最佳化條件20
三、再現性、線性和靈敏度的探討25
四、真實樣品的探討30
肆、結論37
伍、參考文獻38

第二章、利用11-巰基十一酸修飾的金奈米粒子來檢測與萃取奶粉中的三聚氰胺
壹、前言47
貳、藥品與方法51
一、藥品與溶液配製51
二、奈米粒子的合成54
三、奈米粒子的鑑定55
四、毛細管電泳55
五、比色法檢測56
六、Melamine的萃取流程57
七、自來水和奶粉中melamine的檢測57
參、結果與討論59
一、比色法檢測59
二、奈米粒子萃取搭配毛細管電泳檢測法70
肆、結論85
伍、參考文獻86

第一章、結合金奈米粒子與毛細管電泳來檢測人體血漿中胺基酸硫醇的總量、自由量和蛋白質上的吸附量
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第二章、利用11-巰基十一酸修飾的金奈米粒子來檢測與萃取奶粉中的三聚氰胺
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