隨著各國逐漸重視綠色能源議題，造就新興未久的高效率固態光源產業的蓬勃發展，因此，近來磷光發光二極體(PhOLEDs)受到許多矚目，其優勢在於PhOLEDs可以同時利用單重和三重激發態的激子進行放光，使其元件效率大於傳統以單重激發態的激子放出螢光為主的有機發光二極體(OLEDs)。為了有效利用PhOLEDs進行單重和三重激發態的激子放光，同時使元件在載子傳輸上有更好的電荷平衡以進而提升效率，國內外學者開始投入研究雙載子傳輸特性的主體材料。因此，在本論文研究中我們成功設計及合成包含電子傳輸特性之pyridine及電洞傳輸特性之carbazole官能基的主體材料 CzppT，並進行材料物理特性的量測。
量測結果顯示，CzppT具有高的三重態能量(ET :3.0 eV)，此特性適合作為藍光及白光PhOLEDs的主體材料。以CzppT為主體材料，Firpic為客體發光材料作成藍光磷光元件，其最大外部量子效率(EQE)為11%，CIE座標為(0.18,0.41)；另外以CzppT為主體材料，Ir(piq)2(acac)為客體發光材料所製作之白光磷光元件最大外部量子效率11.32%，CIE座標則為(0.32,0.36)，此結果顯示，具有高三重態能量的主體材料(CzppT) 製作成藍光及白光OLEDs是可以應用於固態照明或顯示器中的。

Solid state lighting industry is booming in recent years because of the green energy requirement. Therefore, phosphorescent OLEDs using phosphorescent emitters doped into charge-transporting hosts as emissive layers (EMLs) have attracted extensive interest due to their highly efficient emission compared to conventional fluorescent OLEDs, through radiative harvesting of both electro-generated singlet and triplet excitons.
To achieve better charge balance and device performance, many researchers focus on developing new phosphorescent host materials with bipolar charge transporting property. In this work, we successfully designed and synthesized a host material CzppT containing hole-transporting carbazole and electron-transporting pyridine and investigated the physical properties. With a high triplet energy, CzppT is considered a promising universal host material and has been applied to phosphorescent OLEDs of blue/white colors. Blue/white OLEDs based on CzppT as host and Firpic/Ir(piq)2(acac) as dopant materials show maximum external quantum efficiencies (11.0% for blue, 11.32% for white) and CIE coordinates [(0.18,0.41)for blue, (0.32,0.36) for white)]. The results indicate that the bipolar host CzppT with high triplet energy has potential in manufacturing blue and white OLEDs for display or lighting applications.

誌謝 I
摘要 I
Abstract III
目錄 IV
圖目錄 VII
表目錄 XII
第一章、有機發光二極體(OLEDs)的簡介 1
1-1、前言 1
1-2、有機電激發光二極體之發展起源 2
1-3、OLED元件發光原理 4
1-4、磷光發光二極體(Phospherescence Organic light emmiting Diodes ; PhOLEDs)的主客體系統 7
第二章、 磷光發光二極體(PhOLEDs)元件材料之介紹及實驗動機 9
2-1電洞傳輸材料(hole transport materials) 9
2-2電子傳輸材料(electron transport materials) 11
2-3 客體材料之介紹 14
2-4主體材料之介紹 18
2-4-1以電洞傳輸特性為主的主體材料 18
2-4-2以電子傳輸特性為主的主體材料 19
2-4-3雙載子傳輸特性的主體材料 19
2-5分子設計理念及動機 22
第三章、實驗部分 24
3-1合成實驗裝置及儀器 24
3-2 分析及分離方法 26
3-3 製程儀器 26
3-3量測分析儀器 30
3-5 合成實驗試藥及溶劑 : 41
3-6 實驗流程圖 44
3-7 合成實驗步驟 45
3-7-1 化合物A的合成 46
3-7-2 化合物B的合成 47
3-7-3 化合物C的合成 48
3-7-4 化合物D的合成 49
第四章、結果與討論 51
4-1 CzppT單晶結構 51
4-2 HOMO及LUMO的分子理論模擬 52
4-3 CzppT物理特性的量測 53
4-4 元件特性探討 56
4-4-1調整NPB/TPBi的厚度確定其再結合區域是否正確 62
4-4-2調整NPB/CzppT間界面層最佳化的厚度及組成結構 66
4-4-3 將電子傳輸層TPBI改為TmPyPB 70
4-5 白光元件的製作 75
4-6 Hole-only device和electron-only devic元件的製作 78
第五章、結論 80
參考文獻 91

1. M. Pope; P. Magnante; H. P. Kallmann, Journal of Chemical Physics, 1963, 38, 2042-&.
2. C. W. Tang; S. A. Vanslyke, Applied Physics Letters, 1987, 51, 913-915.
3. Y. T. Tao; C. L. Yang; J. G. Qin, Chemical Society Reviews, 2011, 40, 2943-2970.
4. D. H. Lee; Y. P. Liu; K. H. Lee; H. Chae; S. M. Cho, Organic Electronics, 2010, 11, 427-433.
5. Y. Shirota; H. Kageyama, Chemical Reviews, 2007, 107, 953-1010.
6. S. H. Kim; J. Jang; J. Y. Lee, Applied Physics Letters, 2007, 91.
7. P. Strohriegl; J. V. Grazulevicius, Advanced Materials, 2002, 14, 1439-+.
8. H. Sasabe; E. Gonmori; T. Chiba; Y. J. Li; D. Tanaka; S. J. Su; T. Takeda; Y. J. Pu; K. I. Nakayama; J. Kido, Chemistry of Materials, 2008, 20, 5951-5953.
9. J. Lee; N. Chopra; S. H. Eom; Y. Zheng; J. G. Xue; F. So; J. M. Shi, Applied Physics Letters, 2008, 93.
10. M. A. Baldo; S. R. Forrest, Physical Review B, 2000, 62, 10958-10966.
11. V. I. Adamovich; S. R. Cordero; P. I. Djurovich; A. Tamayo; M. E. Thompson; B. W. D'Andrade; S. R. Forrest, Organic Electronics, 2003, 4, 77-87.
12. M. E. Kondakova; T. D. Pawlik; R. H. Young; D. J. Giesen; D. Y. Kondakov; C. T. Brown; J. C. Deaton; J. R. Lenhard; K. P. Klubek, Journal of Applied Physics, 2008, 104.
13. Q. Wang; J. Q. Ding; D. G. Ma; Y. X. Cheng; L. X. Wang; X. B. Jing; F. S. Wang, Advanced Functional Materials, 2009, 19, 84-95.
14. S.-J. Su; T. Chiba; T. Takeda; J. Kido, Advanced Materials, 2008, 20, 2125-2130.
15. X. Y. Cai; A. B. Padmaperuma; L. S. Sapochak; P. A. Vecchi; P. E. Burrows, Applied Physics Letters, 2008, 92.
16. Y. Zheng; S. H. Eom; N. Chopra; J. W. Lee; F. So; J. G. Xue, Applied Physics Letters, 2008, 92.
17. S. J. Lee; K. M. Park; K. Yang; Y. Kang, Inorganic Chemistry, 2009, 48, 1030-1037.
18. S. J. Yeh; M. F. Wu; C. T. Chen; Y. H. Song; Y. Chi; M. H. Ho; S. F. Hsu; C. H. Chen, Advanced Materials, 2005, 17, 285-+.
19. D. Di Censo; S. Fantacci; F. De Angelis; C. Klein; N. Evans; K. Kalyanasundaram; H. J. Bolink; M. Gratzel; M. K. Nazeeruddin, Inorganic Chemistry, 2008, 47, 980-989.
20. J. Li; P. I. Djurovich; B. D. Alleyne; M. Yousufuddin; N. N. Ho; J. C. Thomas; J. C. Peters; R. Bau; M. E. Thompson, Inorganic Chemistry, 2005, 44, 1713-1727.
21. C. F. Chang; Y. M. Cheng; Y. Chi; Y. C. Chiu; C. C. Lin; G. H. Lee; P. T. Chou; C. C. Chen; C. H. Chang; C. C. Wu, Angewandte Chemie-International Edition, 2008, 47, 4542-4545.
22. Y. You; S. Y. Park, Dalton Transactions, 2009, 1267-1282.
23. M. H. Tsai; T. H. Ke; H. W. Lin; C. C. Wu; S. F. Chiu; F. C. Fang; Y. L. Liao; K. T. Wong; Y. H. Chen; C. I. Wu, Acs Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2009, 1, 567-574.
24. K. T. Wong; Y. M. Chen; Y. T. Lin; H. C. Su; C. C. Wu, Organic Letters, 2005, 7, 5361-5364.
25. H. H. Chou; H. H. Shih; C. H. Cheng, Journal of Materials Chemistry, 2010, 20, 798-805.
26. S. E. Jang; C. W. Joo; S. O. Jeon; K. S. Yook; J. Y. Lee, Organic Electronics, 2010, 11, 1059-1065.
27. S. J. Su; H. Sasabe; T. Takeda; J. Kido, Chemistry of Materials, 2008, 20, 1691-1693.
28. A. Chaskar; H. F. Chen; K. T. Wong, Advanced Materials, 2011, 23, 3876-3895.
29. R. J. Holmes; S. R. Forrest; Y. J. Tung; R. C. Kwong; J. J. Brown; S. Garon; M. E. Thompson, Applied Physics Letters, 2003, 82, 2422-2424.
30. A. Endo; C. Adachi, Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, 2010, 49.
31. G. Bongiovanni; C. Botta; J. E. Communal; F. Cordella; L. Magistrelli; A. Mura; G. Patrinoiu; P. Picouet; G. Di-Silvestro, Materials Science and Engineering: C, 2003, 23, 909-912.
32. W. Jiang; L. Duan; J. Qiao; D. Zhang; G. Dong; L. Wang; Y. Qiu, Journal of Materials Chemistry, 2010, 20, 6131-6137.
33. A. J. Makinen; I. G. Hill; Z. H. Kafafi, Journal of Applied Physics, 2002, 92, 1598-1603.
34. N. Chopra; J. Lee; Y. Zheng; S. H. Eom; J. E. Xue; F. So, Acs Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2009, 1, 1169-1172.
35. M. S. Lin; L. C. Chi; H. W. Chang; Y. H. Huang; K. C. Tien; C. C. Chen; C. H. Chang; C. C. Wu; A. Chaskar; S. H. Chou; H. C. Ting; K. T. Wong; Y. H. Liu; Y. Chi, Journal of Materials Chemistry, 2012, 22, 870-876.