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博碩士論文 etd-0811113-144947 詳細資訊
Title page for etd-0811113-144947
論文名稱
Title
由台灣北部山區撤退池生物指標紀錄探討全新世之氣候與環境變化
The Inferred Holocene Paleoclimatic and Paleoenvironmental Changes Based on Biomarker Records Deriving from the Northern Taiwan Alpine Lake (the Retreat Lake)
系所名稱
Department
畢業學年期
Year, semester
語文別
Language
學位類別
Degree
頁數
Number of pages
135
研究生
Author
指導教授
Advisor
召集委員
Convenor
口試委員
Advisory Committee
口試日期
Date of Exam
2013-08-31
繳交日期
Date of Submission
2013-09-12
關鍵字
Keywords
東亞季風、生物指標、全新世、撤退池、古氣候
paleoclimate, Retreat Lake, Holocene, biomarkers, East Asian monsoon
統計
Statistics
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The thesis/dissertation has been browsed 5917 times, has been downloaded 928 times.
中文摘要
台灣位處東亞季風系統的影響範圍,因此台灣的湖泊岩芯紀錄,能提供良好的東亞季風長期變化資料。撤退池(Retreat Lake)是一座位處台灣東北部宜蘭縣山區的高山湖泊(海拔約2200公尺),其水源主要來自降雨,經由收集及分析宜蘭縣境內氣象站資料得知,該區域的降雨季節以夏季及秋季(6-11月)為主,其湖泊的沉積紀錄預期將能反映東亞夏季季風的強度。因此本研究利用自撤退池中所取的沉積物岩芯(長170公分),經由14C定年得知此岩芯所涵蓋的年代約為過去一萬年,藉由分析其中的有機地球化學指標,預期能重建台灣北部高山地區的長期氣候變化,並探討其與季風系統長期變遷之間的關係。
由前人所發表的資料指出,其總有機碳(TOC)值變化相當的劇烈,變動範圍可從2% ~ 50% 左右。此波動可能受控於氣候或沉積物來源。而經由XRD的分析結果指出,撤退池近一萬年來沉積物來源或沉機環境穩定。因此,氣候應是控制其變異的主因,而此機制當為東亞季風之長期變遷。當季風增強時,環境較為潮濕,造成植被大量生長,而大量的降雨亦將植物碎屑沖刷進入池中沉積;反之,當季風減弱時,環境較為乾燥,造成植被生長趨緩,加上降雨量的減少,也降低了植物碎屑進入池中沉積之機會。而此現象,也於生物指標中看到類似的結果,當指標C31/(C27+C29)(可反映草木本植物生長情形的相對變化)出現相對低值時,CPI(可反映植被的來源)便會有明顯的高值出現。推測此現象的發生,乃是因為當環境趨向高溫潮濕時,將有助於植物的生長速度增加且以木本植物為主。而在降雨沖刷後,大量新鮮的植物組織將被帶入沉積環境中沉積,導致有較高的CPI值出現。
基於生物指標分析結果,我們推測台灣北部高山地區近一萬年來之氣候變遷,主要受控於東亞季風強度長期消長之影響。其主要的變化可區分為三個時期,分別為早全新世(10100~8700 yrBP),此期間乃氣候近萬年來最為乾冷之時期。接著於8700~8600 yrBP間,台灣北部的氣候進入了全新世盛期(8600~5000 yrBP),而由生物指標紀錄可得知,此時期亦是氣候波動最為頻繁之時,一共出現了五次的季風強度減弱事件,其發生的年代分別約為9000、7300、6600、6100及4800 yrBP。而從放射性碳同位素定年資料所發現的沉積中斷事件(4500~2500 yrBP),則可能指示全新世時期中,東亞夏季季風最弱之時期。而於沉積中斷事件結束後,台灣北部的氣候逐漸轉向濕潤且穩定之狀態,並延續至今。
Abstract
The Retreat Lake, an alpine lake locates at 2,200m above sea level, is situated in I-lan County, the northeast Taiwan. Since rainfall is the crucial factor in determining the water source in this area, we collected and analyzed the precipitation data from the weather station in I-lan. The result has shown that the wet season in this region lasts about six months from summer to autumn (June to November) unlike the rainfall pattern in plain region of I-lan.
Taiwan lies directly in East Asian Monsoon affecting region. Thus, using of the organic geochemical parameters which can reflect the paleo-precipitation patterns supports us to monitor the long-term change of climate conditions and the reconstruction of varied Asian monsoon history in northeast Taiwan alpine region. According to several AMS 14C datings, the core used in this study (R, 1.7 m in length), which retrieved from the Retreat Lake, can at least cover the last 10,000 years. Previous studies discovered very large TOC fluctuations within the range from 2% to 50% in this core. We suggest that the oscillations are controlled by either climate or sediment sources. The XRD analyzed consequence reveals that in the Retreat Lake, there is no significant difference in mineral composition within the last 10,000 years inferring that the sources of detritals reserved in Retreat Lake have no change since the early Holocene. For this reason, climate is the principal factor contributes to dominate the variations. The mechanism is in responsing to the shift of East Asian monsoonal wind strength.
With East Asian Monsoon intensity decrease corresponding to damper periods, the weather conditions encourage the plants blooming, and rainfalls of the region also flush plant debris depositing into the pool. The same phenomenom is also found in the biomarker results. When the indicative index, C31/(C27+C29), demonstrates a relatively low value, whereas CPI value is significantly high. Thereby, we can deduce that the phenomenon is limited to the shift of environment conditions. Higher temperature and moisture are the vital factor for accelerating the plant growthing rate, particularly the ligneous plants. By the rain erosion, large numbers of fresh plant tissues will be brought into the depositional environment. On the basis of the analytical results of biomarkers, the alpine regions’ climate in northeast Taiwan are known to vary frequently through 10,000 years associating with the varied East Asian Monsoon system. Thus, we divide the timeline into three periods according to climate changes. The early Holocene, 10100~8600 yrBP, is the most dry and cold period within the last ten thousand years. Then it follows by a warm and humid period, 8600~5000 yrBP, so-called the Holocne Optimum. During the period, the climate system is not as stable as we thought in previous studies. Totally, five weak monsoon events, 9000, 7300, 6600, 6100 and 4800 yrBP, repectively, are found in our record. A hiatus event was found within the period of 4500~2500 yrBP according to the radiocarbon datings. This event is interpreted as the weakest monsoon interval of the Holocene. At the end of the hiatus event, the climate system gradually turned into more humid and stable comparing with the histus period, and continually developing into the present.
目次 Table of Contents
誌謝.........................................i
中文摘要....................................ii
英文摘要....................................iv
目錄........................................vi
圖目錄....................................viii
表目錄......................................ix
第1章、 緒論.................................1
1.1 前言.....................................1
1.2 研究區域.................................3
1.3 生物指標.................................7
1.3-1 正烷類及其指標.........................8
1.3-2 正醇類及其指標........................19
1.4 文獻回顧................................20
1.5 研究目的................................27
第2章、 研究方法............................28
2.1 藥品與儀器..............................28
2.1-1 化學藥品..............................28
2.1-2 儀器設備..............................28
2.1-3 器材前處理............................29
2.2 實驗樣品................................30
2.3 實驗方法................................33
2.4 品保與品管..............................44
第3章、 研究結果............................46
3.1 正烷類及正醇類濃度......................46
3.2 碳優勢指數(CPI)及直鏈烷碳數分佈.......47
3.3 撤退池之岩芯紀錄........................55
3.5 XRD分析.................................61
第4章、 綜合討論............................66
4.1 沉積物中TOC之來源與保存.................66
4.2 東亞夏季季風之消長......................72
4.3 池水高度之變化..........................80
第5章、 結論................................81
參考文獻....................................82
附錄A、不同深度樣品之參數資料...............97
附錄B、檢量線..............................103
附錄C、品保與品管..........................107
附錄D、不同深度之正烷類濃度及回收率........111
附錄E、不同深度之正醇類濃度................117
附錄F、撤退池樣品XRD分析圖譜...............121
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