IEEE 802.15.6團隊在2012年提出IEEE 802.15.6-2012無線人體區域網路通訊協定。新標準因應低成本、低功率的系統需求，並考量裝置對於人體可能造成的影響，使這些無線感測器能夠穿戴在人體上或植入體內，將收集到的訊息配合區域網路的技術加以應用，即可實現居家醫療照護的目的。
在本論文中，將探討2400MHz頻段窄頻系統的基頻端演算法設計，並對系統效能進行模擬分析。接收端設計的演算法包含封包偵測、能量偵測、載波頻率偏移估測與補償、時間同步與解調變訊號處理。在模擬的過程中，將會分析設計的演算法及量化後的系統效能是否皆符合標準所制定的接收機靈敏度規範，進而完成整個接收端的電路規劃。
演算法效能的模擬結果比接收機靈敏度所推得的最小操作SNR還要好1dB，量化之後效能的損耗為2dB，也在標準規範的量化損耗最大容忍量6dB內。接著藉由Verilog硬體描述語言來實現整個接收端基頻演算法的電路實現，最後向國家晶片中心提出0.18μm製程的下線申請，晶片編號為T18-103B-A0059a。

IEEE 802.15.6 Task Group has proposed IEEE 802.15.6-2012 Wireless Body Area Networks (BAN) standard in 2012. This standard responses to the low-cost, and low-power system requirements while it also considers that the device may affect the human body, allowing the wireless sensors to be worn or embedded into the body. The messages collected by sensors with BAN technology can thus be applied in the practice of home healthcare.
In this thesis, we study on the algorithm design of baseband signal for 2400MHz narrowband system, and analyse the simulation result. The algorithm designed for the receiver, including packet detection, energy detection, carrier frequency offset estimation, and compensation, timing synchronization, and demodulation.
The system performance is 1dB better than the receiver sensitivity we have expected. After quantizing the algorithm design, the system performance experiences implementation loss of 2dB which is under the upper bound. Then we implement the baseband signal circuit by Verilog Code. Finally, we complete an application to National Chip Implementation Center (CIC), the circuit is fabricated in the TSMC 0.18-μm CMOS technology, and the chip number is T18-103B-A0059a.

論文審定書 i
致謝 ii
摘要 iii
Abstract iv
目錄 v
圖次 vii
表次 ix
第一章 導論 1
1.1 前言 1
1.2 發展背景與研究動機 2
1.3 論文架構概述 3
第二章 IEEE 802.15.6 實體層標準 4
2.1 實體層概述 4
2.2 Narrowband實體層標準 5
2.2.1 實體層架構簡介 5
2.2.2 實體層PPDU格式 5
2.2.3 實體層PLCP Preamble 6
2.2.4 實體層PLCP Header 7
2.2.5 實體層PSDU 10
2.2.6 Spreading 12
2.2.7 Bit Interleaver 13
2.2.8 Data Scrambler 14
2.2.9 差分相位偏移調變 15
2.2.10 脈波整形 16
2.2.11 操作頻帶與通道數 17
2.2.12 接收機靈敏度指標 17
第三章 IEEE 802.15.6 Narrowband 2400MHz 基頻演算法設計 19
3.1 收發機簡介 19
3.2 無線傳輸通道模型 19
3.3 理想接收機 22
3.4 接收機之基頻端演算法設計 23
3.4.1 封包偵測 24
3.4.2 匹配濾波器 28
3.4.3 能量偵測與降低取樣頻率 29
3.3.4 載波頻率偏移估測與補償 29
3.4.5 時間同步 33
3.4.6 解差分相位調變器 35
3.5 接收機演算法效能分析 36
第四章 基頻端電路設計 40
4.1 接收端量化考量 41
4.2 封包偵測 43
4.3 匹配濾波器 43
4.4 載波頻率偏移估測與補償 45
4.5 時間同步 46
4.6 解差分相位調變器 47
第五章 硬體實現與模擬驗證 48
5.1 設計考量 48
5.2 模擬驗證結果 50
5.2.1 Pre-layout Simulation 50
5.2.2 Post-layout Simulation 52
5.3 晶片外觀 52
第六章 結論與未來展望 54
參考文獻 55
中英對照表 57
全名縮寫對照表 62

[1] IEEE Standard for Local and metropolitan area networks Part 15.6: Wireless Body Area Networks, IEEE Std. 802.15.6, 29 Feb. 2012.
[2] A. C. W. Wong, M. Dawkins, G. Devita, N. Kasparidis, A. Katsiamis, O. King, F. Lauria, J. Schiff, and A. Burdett, “A 1V 5mA multimode IEEE 802.15.6/bluetooth low-energy WBAN transceiver for biotelemetry applications,” IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 186–198, Jan. 2013.
[3] IEEE 802.15 WPAN Task Group6 (TG6) Body Area Networks,
URL: http://www.ieee802.org/15/pub/TG6.html
[4] IEEE Part 15.4: Wireless Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specification for Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks (LR-WPANs), IEEE Std. 802.15.4a-2007, Sep. 2007.
[5] C.-C. Wang, C.-C. Huang, J.-M. Huang, C.-Y. Chang, and C.-P. Li, “ZigBee 868/915 MHz modulator/ demodulator for wireless personal area network,” IEEE Trans. on VLSI, vol. 16, no. 7, pp.936–939, July 2008.
[6] C.-C. Wang, J.-M. Huang, C.-Y. Chang, K.-T. Cheng, and C.-P. Li, “A 6.57 mW ZigBee transceiver for 868/915 MHz band,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Symposium Circuits Syst. (ISCAS), Kos Island, Greece, 2006, pp. 5195–5198.
[7] C.-C. Wang, J.-M. Huang, L.-H. Lee, S.-H. Wang, and C.-P. Li, “A low-power 2.45 GHz ZigBee transceiver for wearable personal medical devices in WPAN,” in Proc. 2007 IEEE Inter. Conf. on Consumer Electronics (IEEE ICCE 2007), Las Vegas, USA, 10-14 January, 2007, pp. 10.2–5.


[8] C.-C. Wang, J.-M. Huang, C.-Y. Chang, and C.-P. Li, “868/915 MHz ZigBee receiver for personal medical assistance,” in Proc. 2006 IEEE Inter. Conf. on Consumer Electronics (IEEE ICCE 2006), Las Vegas, USA, 12-14 January, 2006, pp. 461–462.
[9] M. Kim and J.-I. Takada, “Characterization of wireless on-body channel under specific action scenarios at sub-GHz Bands,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 60, no. 11, pp. 5364–5372, Nov. 2012.
[10] W. Bolton, Y. Xiao, and M. Guizani, “IEEE 802.20: mobile broadband wireless access,” IEEE Wireless Commun., vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 84–95, Feb. 2007.
[11] Y.-H. Liu, X. Huang, M. Vidojkovic, G. Dolmans, and H. Groot, “An energy-efficient polar transmitter for IEEE 802.15.6 body area networks：system requirements and circuit designs,” IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 50, no. 10, pp. 118–127, Oct. 2012.
[12] J. Volder, “The CORDIC trigonometric computing technique,” IEEE Trans. Comput., vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 330–334, Sep. 1959.
[13] Y.-H. Hu, “The quantization effects of the CORDIC algorithm,” IEEE Trans. Signal Process., vol. 40, no. 4, pp. 834–844, Apr. 1992.
[14] N. Sankarayya, K. Roy, and D. Bhattacharya, “Algorithms for Low Power and High Speed FIR Filter Realization Using Differential coefficients,” IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. II, Analog Digit. Signal Process., vol. 44, no. 6, June 1997.