隨著無線通訊服務的日趨普及，行動通訊用戶可以透過行動裝置很輕易地與任何的行動服務供應者或是其他行動通訊用戶進行對談溝通。在這樣的行動通訊環境中，具行動運算能力的行動裝置便成為行動通訊用戶在計劃、管理、執行與控制個人活動排程上的輔助利器。同時，由於透過行動裝置，行動通訊用戶能隨時隨地獲知所處環境的變化，因此，行動通訊用戶可以彈性地根據所處環境的狀態更動或調整其所設定的目標，並且據之進行決策以降低環境變化所造成的衝擊。在行動通訊的環境中，用戶個人活動排程中所從事的一連串活動是環境中的服務供應者所提供，而服務供應者所提供的服務可視為實體環境中的有限資源。由於該資源無法無窮盡地供給以滿足所有用戶的需求，因此當行動通訊用戶在規劃、更動或調整其個人的活動行程並追求個人目標最佳化時，資源不足所引發的衝突將可能常常發生。
本研究聚焦在解決行動通訊環境中因為資源不足或限制所引發的衝突問題。在本研究中，此類衝突問題被形塑成「多準則情境相依的分散式限制最佳化問題」 (multi-criteria context-dependent DCOP)。「多準則情境相依的分散式限制最佳化問題」為一複雜而高度動態的問題，問題的聯合最佳化(joint optimization)具有隨情境而改變的特性。為了解決此類問題，本研究計畫提出了一個整合性代理人系統架構SPA及一套兩階段式的分散最佳化迫近法2S-DORA，輔助行動通訊用戶在遭遇衝突時能夠自動地互相進行協商以降低衝突發生的影響，同時保持最佳化狀態。這個整合性代理人系統架構SPA運用了模擬代理人與實體代理人以強化行動通訊用戶在感測所處環境變化、分析所面對問題、進行推論判斷及社交溝通的能力。兩階段式的分散最佳化迫近法2S-DORA則充分利用了代理人的能力，有效地協助行動通訊用戶對環境的變化及意外發生做出應變。
本研究以自助旅行者的問題為例，把自助旅行者間最常遇到的旅遊計畫衝突問題形塑成「多準則情境相依的分散式限制最佳化問題」，並演示SPA及2S-DORA如何解決這個問題。本研究最後設計了五個實驗評估SPA及2S-DORA的效能表現。

As wireless communication services get more and more pervasively available, mobile people can easily interact with service providers and handily communicate with each other through mobile devices. In the mobile environment, mobile users can plan their activity schedules and run their schedules with the assistance of mobile devices. When mobile users are engaged in their activities, they can instantly perceive contextual information and their activity schedules therefore tend to be context dependent, i.e., mobile users may alter their objectives and decision makings as soon as the environmental context varies. Besides, for a mobile user, once any exception happens, he/she is apt to adapt his/her activity schedule to reduce the impact of the exception. In the mobile environment, since the environmental resources are limited and can’t satisfy all mobile users’ demands, conflicts are likely to occur while mobile users plan, alter or adapt their personal activity schedules. This study concentrates itself on resolving the conflicts. This conflict problem is formulated as a multi-criteria context-dependent DCOP (distributed constraint optimization problem). This problem is complicated and highly dynamic, and the joint optimality to this problem might be time-variant. This study proposes an integrated agents system SPA and a novel problem solving approach 2S-DORA to enable mobile users to coordinate their activities to maintain optimality. The SPA, which integrates the Simulated and Physical Agents, is employed to enhance mobile users’ sensory, analytic, reasoning and social abilities. The 2S-DORA takes advantage of the SPA abilities to help mobile users quickly and effectively adapt themselves to the context variations and to the exceptions. This study takes a traveling backpacker problem as an example to demonstrate how the proposed SPA and 2S-DORA contribute to solve the multi-criteria context-dependent DCOP. Five experiments finally are designed to evaluate the performance of the application of SPA and 2S-DORA.

致 謝 i
Abstract ii
中文摘要 iii
List of Symbols vi
List of Figures viii
List of Tables x

Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Overview 1
1.2 Research Motivation and Objective 4
1.3 Solving MUCP 4
1.4 Assumption and Limitation 5
1.5 Experimental Facilities 6
1.6 Dissertation Organization 6
Chapter 2 Related Works 7
2.1 Enabling Technologies and Emerging Applications for Mobile Activities 7
2.2 Multi-agent Technologies 13
2.3 Multi-Criteria Optimization Problem 15
2.4 DCOP and Techniques for Solving DCOP 16
2.5 Agent Based Coordination Mechanisms 18
2.6 Scheduling Problems and Traveling Salesman Problems 19
2.7 Computational Intelligence 24
2.8 Forward Chaining Method 26
2.9 Pareto Improvement and Convergence to Global Optimality 26
Chapter 3 Research Problem Demonstration and Formulation 28
3.1 Simplified Example to Demonstrate Research Problem 28
3.2 Plan and Coordination of Activity Schedules 32
3.2.1 Planning Activity Schedules Individually 32
3.2.2 Improving Activity Schedules Cooperatively 35
3.2.3 Context Variation 39
3.2.4 Exception Happening 42
3.3 Research Problem Formulation – Multi-Criteria Context-Dependent DCOP 43
3.4 Characterization of Multi-Criteria Context-Dependent DCOP 49
3.5 Requirements for Solving Multi-Criteria Context-Dependent DCOP 51
Chapter 4 SPA: Integrated Agents System 53
4.1 Characteristics of Simulated and Physical Agents in Mobile Environment 53
4.2 Framework of SPA 54
4.3 Multi Agents Platforms Employed 58
5.1 Demonstration of Solving Multi-Criteria DCOP 62
5.2 Development of 2S-DORA 64
5.3 Reservation Exchange Protocol 82
5.4 SPA and Built-in 2S-DORA 84
Chapter 6 Traveling backpacker problem 88
6.1 Traveling backpacker problem 88
6.2 Formulation of Traveling backpacker problem 91
Chapter 7 Experimental Design 95
7.1 Settings 95
7.2 Metrics to Measure Performance 97
7.3 Experimental Design 98
Chapter 8 Experimental Results and Discussions 101
8.1 Experimental Results 101
8.2 Discussions 114
Chapter 9 Conclusion and Future Research 120
9.1 Conclusion 120
9.2 Future Research 123
Reference 126

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