本研究探討以兩種高能量飼料，高醣 (HC，澱粉32.5%)和高脂 (HL，16%油脂)和不同時序餵食方式對海鱺(cobia, Rachycentron canadum)成長、飼料轉換率與體組成及脂肪分佈之影響。實驗分三部份，預備實驗及兩次餵食實驗(實驗I與實驗II)。預備實驗觀察海鱺對高醣、高脂肪飼料適應的情形，並確認轉換飼料是否造成顯著的成長變化和油脂累積，預備實驗中觀察到成長記錄，以HC→HL和HL→HC餵食兩週轉兩週下，成長上有較顯著變化，油脂含量則以兩週轉換及三週轉換變化較明顯。以此所設計實驗I及II，分為對照組、HC、HL、HC→HL、HL→HC 5組處理方式。餵食平均初重約700 g，餵食海鱺32天HL與HC飼料且亦為等能量，其中HC→HL為餵食HC飼料16天後在續以投餵HL飼料，而HL→HC為餵食HL飼料16天後再續以投餵HC飼料。結果顯示: (1) HC和HL能量相等的飼料餵食海鱺， HC短期較有顯著高每日成長率和增重率，但32天後HC、HL、HC→HL、HL→HC各組間在成長上無顯著不同 (2)油脂累積上，餵食HL較HC及控制組飼料有較高油脂累積的效果，但兩種飼料轉換時，僅HC→HL在背肉上和HL→HC有顯著差異。餵食HC，油脂累積似乎較堆積在內臟中。本實驗結果和小鼠、大鼠的研究雷同，體組成含量僅與後面時段餵食的飼料較有關聯(3) 血清三酸甘油酯和游離脂肪酸濃度的比例，在轉換下有改變的趨勢，而HC餵食海鱺係以游離脂肪酸轉變成三酸甘油酯形式，故在血清中三酸甘油酯和游離脂肪酸的相對量較高，而HC組則以游離脂肪酸形式於血清中。由此可得結論: (1) 高能量飼料確實能提供高成長效益 (2) 餵食HC飼料和HL飼料32天皆有相同的成長效果，且皆能造成油脂累積，但兩種油脂累積形式不同。HC係由澱粉在肝中新形成油脂，並較易形成三酸甘油脂，經由血液循環的方式傳送到各組織堆積，而 HL易以飼料中之游離脂肪酸的形式傳送到各組織中堆積 (3) 改變HC和HL之餵食順序在成長，和其他餵食HC、HL餵食32天後並無顯著差異，而油脂累積效應，僅在背肉有顯著不同 (4) 改變餵食方式之實驗基礎確實可以運用在養殖上。

The effects of feeding with two high energy diets ( high carbohydrate and high lipid) and the feeding regime of the two diets on growth, feeding conversion rate, and body composition of the cobia were studied. Based on the observation of lipid redistribution under dietary regime change in rats, this study was aimed to understand how regime change affects the tissue lipid content in the cobia. The study had three parts: preliminary experiment, experiment I, and experiment II. The preliminary experiment was designed to find the proper time to switch the high energy diets and to see the adaptation of cobia to the highe energy dietary treatments. The experiment I was conducted to monitor the growth and body composition of cobia fed for thirty-two days with different experimental diets, including control diets, high carbohydrate diets (HC), high lipid diets (HL), and different feeding regimes (HC→HL: feeding the HC diet for the first sixteen days and the HL diet for the subsequent sixteen days; HL→HC: feeding the HL diet for the first sixteen days and the HC diet for the subsequent sixteen days. The experiment II was studied serum concentration of glucose, triacylglycerol, and free fatty acids and tissues triacylglycerol concentration in liver and white muscle. The fish fed with the HC diet had higher body weight and lower feeding conversion rate than the HL group in first sixteen days; however, the growth of the two groups was not significantly different during the thirty-two day period. The lipid content of dorsal muscle was significantly higher in HC→HL than that in HL→HC; wherease, the lipid content of ventral muscle and viscera was not signficantly affected. The concentrations of serum triacylglycerol, free fatty acid, and relative mean ratio of triacylglycerol in muscle to triacylglycerol in liver were significantly affected. The results of relative mean ratio of serum TG to serum FFA and relative mean ratio of muscle TG to liver TG, suggest that high carbohydrate diet drives de nova lipid production in liver, which circulates to the peripheral tissues for storage as triacylglycerol. High lipid diet preferentially offers energy for lipolysis to produce energy. These results are consistant with the results in rats. Our results show that high energy diets provided a higher growth rate than the control diet, but there were no growth difference in cobia fed high carbohydrate diets, or high lipid diets, or between different feeding regimes. The cobia fed the high carbohydrate diet and the high lipid diet might use different ways for lipid accumulation. These fed the high carbohydrate diet had formed more triacylglycerol than that these fed high lipid diets. The feeding regime shift between the high carbohydrate diet and the high lipid diet significantly affect the the lipid content of the dorsal muscle in the cobia.

謝辭 I
中文摘要 II
英文摘要 III
表目錄 VII
圖目錄 VIII
文獻回顧 1
壹、前言 8
貳、材料與方法 11
一、實驗動物 11
二、預備實驗 11
三、實驗I 13
四、實驗II 13
五、實驗飼料及配製方法 13
六、樣品前處理 18
1.預備實驗 18
2.實驗I 18
3.實驗II 18
七、實驗動物晶片植入和標示 18
八、成長參數記錄 19
1.增重百分率(Percent weight gain, PWG) 19
2.飼料轉換率(Feed conversion ratio, FCR) 19
3.每日成長率 (Specific growth rate, SGR) 19
4.肝體比 (Hepatosomatic index, HSI) 19
九、實驗樣品取樣和血液採集 19
十、粗成份分析 20
1.粗脂質分析 20
2.粗蛋白質測定 20
3.水份測定: 21
4.灰份測定: 22
十一、血清成份分析 22
1.血醣測定 22
2.三酸甘油酯測定 23
3.游離脂肪酸測定 24
4.組織中三酸甘油酯 (TG)分析 25
5.總脂質分析 26
6.統計分析 26
參、結果 27
一、預備實驗 27
1.成長情形 27
2.油脂分佈情形 27
二、實驗I 31
1.生長情形 31
2.各組織部位之粗成份分佈情形 31
三、實驗II 40
1.成長狀況 40
2.血液分析 40
3.組織中的三酸甘油酯 41
肆、討論 52
一、海鱺對高能量飼料的適應情形 52
二、海鱺對高醣、高油脂與轉換飼料之油脂累積和體組成的影響 53
三、醣和脂肪比例對成長和體組成影響及醣和脂肪比例對脂肪酸品系的影響 54
四、高能量飼料對魚類攝食量與血清葡萄糖的影響 55
五、醣類在魚類身上扮演的角色 57
六、轉換飼料對魚類生理、魚類營養上的影響及三酸甘油酯在魚類營養扮演角色 60
七、轉換飼料和脂肪重新分佈、能量上的需求與養殖上的應用 66
八、餵食策略與實際養殖上的應用性和建議 67
伍、結論 69
陸、參考文獻 70
柒、附錄 78
一、預備實驗: 78
二、正式實驗 (實驗I與實驗II): 78

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