本研究藉由現場觀測、採樣分析、統計分析及模式推導等方法，探討高雄都會區大氣懸浮微粒特性及污染來源對能見度及消光係數之影響，並藉由數位式相機拍攝當時能見度之情況，再經影像處理後探討其與肉眼觀測能見度之相關性。
不同天氣型態之氣象因子（如：相對溼度、風向、風速及混合層高度等）是影響能見度之重要因素。本研究蒐集民國83年至民國88年間綜觀天氣圖進行整理及研判，探討天氣型態對空氣品質的影響。研究結果顯示，易造成高懸浮微粒及高PSI之污染事件日，其天氣型態主要為高壓出海型I及高壓迴流型兩種天氣型態。
本研究於民國87年11月至89年4月間進行例行性能見度觀測，觀測結果顯示高雄都會區之能見度，最遠可達20公里以上，但最低甚至低於1公里。觀測期間內，能見度主要分佈在2∼6公里之間，其中6公里以下能見度約佔總觀測日數之61.88%，且能見度不佳主要發生於冬季期間。此外，本研究亦於民國89年1月及3月期間分別實施兩次密集採樣，能見度觀測地點分別為前鎮氣象站及壽山法興禪寺進行每小時之觀測。懸浮微粒採樣地點分別為獅甲國中、三民國中及七賢國中，每日上、下午各進行連續五小時之採樣，藉以瞭解高雄都會區影響能見度之氣象因子，並探討懸浮微粒之物化特性對能見度及消光係數之影響。此外，亦藉由受體模式解析高雄地區細微粒之污染來源，並探討其對能見度之削減程度。本研究亦同時結合數位式攝影觀測能見度，探討能見度判別方法之可行性。
在進行能見度觀測時，本研究亦同步以數位式攝影存取當時之能見度情形，藉以探討影像處理技術與肉眼觀測能見度間之相關性，並經由應用軟體計算亮度特徵值，藉以建立其與能見度觀測值之統計相關性。在一定視程範圍內(5∼10公里)，亮度特徵值與能見度呈現高度負相關趨勢(R=-0.9079)。
單因子變異數分析結果顯示，在能見度觀測範圍內之三個空氣品質監測站所測得懸浮微粒濃度，並無顯著差異性。採樣期間，高雄都會區懸浮微粒粒徑分佈多半呈現雙峰分佈之特性，細微粒的優勢粒徑出現於0.56∼1.0

In this study, visibility observation, aerosol sampling, statistical analysis and model regression were conducted to investigate the influence of suspended particle characteristics and pollution sources on visibility and extinction coefficient in Koahsiung metropolitan area. The scene monitored by a digital camera was then proceeded by digital image processing and were then compared with observed atmospheric visibility observation.
Meteorological parameters of various weather patterns (including relative humidity, wind direction, wind speed and mixing height ) played important roles on the reduction of visibility in metropolitan area. Synoptic charts were collected over the 1992-1999 period to analyze their influence on ambient air quality. This study revealed that high PM10 concentration and unhealthful PSI index occurred at weather patterns of high pressure outflow style I and circus-sluice of high pressure outflow。
Regular visibility was observed during the period of November 1998- April 2000. The highest visibility was above 20 km while the lowest visibility was loss than 1 km in Koahsiung metropolitan area. The observed visibility was mainly distribution over the 2-6 km. The visibility below 6 km were about 61.88% of total observation days and poor visibility was usually occurred in winter. Besides, intensive visibility observation was conducted in January and March, 2000. Visibility was observed hourly at Kaohsiung Meteorological Station and Fa-Shin Temple, respectively. Suspended particles were continuously sampled for five hours at Chien-Chen, Sen-Min and Chien-Gin ambient air quality stations. These measurements were conducted to investigate the influence of chemical and physical properties of suspended particle and meteorological parameters on visibility and extinction coefficient in Koahsiung metropolitan area. Receptor model was applied to understand the emission sources of fine particles (PM2.5) and investigate the influence of emission sources on visual air quality. In addition, the determination of visibility by imagine processing was discussed.
Visibility observation was coincided with scene monitoring in order to clarify the relationship between image processing and observed visibility. A illumination eigenvalue calculated by picture transfer software was used to correlate with observed visibility. This study revealed that, illumination eigenvalue and observed visibility had strong negative correlation (R=-0.9079) at effective visual range of 5-10 km.
Results form single-factor analysis indicated that no significant variation of aerosol particle concentration was observed at three ambient air quality stations. A bi-mode size distribution of aerosol particles was observed for most stations in Koahsiung metropolitan area. The peak aerodynamic diameter of fine and coarse particles was observed at 0.56-1.0

摘要…………………………………………………… I
英文摘要……………………………………………… III
目錄…………………………………………………… VI
表目錄………………………………………………… XI
圖目錄………………………………………………… XIV
第一章 前言…………………………………………… 1
1-1研究緣起……………………………………………1
1-2研究目的………………………………………… 2
第二章 文獻回顧……………………………………… 4
2-1大氣中懸浮微粒之特性………………………… 4
2-1-1懸浮微粒之分類與組成………………… 4
2-1-2二次氣膠之特性………………………… 6
2-1-3微粒中水溶性離子之特性……………… 7
2-1-4微粒中金屬成份之特性………………… 9
2-1-5懸浮微粒中元素碳及有機碳探討……… 10
2-2能見度與消光係數之定義……………………… 11
2-2-1能見度之定義………………………… 11
2-1-1-1氣象範圍……………………… 14
2-1-1-2盛行能見度…………………… 15
2-2-2消光係數之定義………………………… 15
2-3物理因子對能見度之影響……………………… 20
2-4化學組成對能見度之影響…………………… 21
2-5相對溼度對能見度之影響……………………… 26
2-6污染源對能見度之影響………………………… 31
2-7天氣型態對空氣品質之影響…………………… 34
2-8受體模式之應用………………………………… 37
2-8-1受體模式之基本理論…………………… 37
2-8-2化學質量平衡法………………………… 40
2-8-3受體模式之應用………………………… 41
2-9主成份因子分析法……………………………… 43
2-10數位式影像處理技術應用於能見度觀測………44
第三章 研究方法……………………………………… 47
3-1天氣型態對空氣品質之影響…………………… 49
3-2能見度之觀測…………………………………… 57
3-2-1肉眼觀測方式…………………………… 58
3-2-2數位式相機觀測方式…………………… 63
3-2-3數位影像處理原理……………………… 65
3-3散光係數量測…………………………………… 68
3-4懸浮微粒採樣…………………………………… 69
3-4-1採樣地點………………………………… 69
3-4-2採樣時間………………………………… 73
3-4-3採樣方法………………………………… 73
3-5懸浮微粒分析方法……………………………… 77
3-6品保與品管流程………………………………… 80
3-6-1採樣方法之品保與品管………………… 80
3-6-2分析方法之品保與品管………………… 83
3-7懸浮微粒污染來源鑑定………………………… 89
3-6-1固定污染源……………………………… 90
3-6-2交通污染源……………………………… 90
3-6-3其他污染源……………………………… 91
3-6-3-1海水飛沫……………………… 91
3-6-3-2地殼污染源…………………… 92
3-6-3-3農廢燃燒……………………… 92
第四章 結果與討論…………………………………… 93
4-1天氣型態對空氣品質之影響…………………… 93
4-1-1天氣型態之整理………………………… 93
4-1-2天氣型態與懸浮微粒之關係…………… 95
4-1-3天氣型態與空氣品質指標之關係……… 97
4-2能見度例行觀測結果…………………………… 101
4-3能見度密集觀測結果…………………………… 103
4-3-1能見度密集觀測結果…………………… 107
4-3-2能見度變化與氣象因子之關係性……… 109
4-3-2-1溫度效應……………………… 109
4-3-2-2相對溼度之之影響…………… 114
4-3-2-3風速效應……………………… 114
4-4影像處理應用於能見度觀測…………………… 117
4-4-1能見度觀測與亮度特徵值之關係……………118
4-4-2不同觀測者之能見度與亮度特徵值間相關性124
4-5懸浮微粒之時空變化趨勢……………………… 125
4-5-1懸浮微粒之高程變化…………………… 127
4-5-2懸浮微粒之空間變化…………………… 130
4-5-2-1懸浮微粒濃度之時間變化趨勢…133
4-5-2-2懸浮微粒濃度與能見度之相關性142
4-5-3懸浮微粒粒徑分佈……………………… 144
4-6懸浮微粒成份分析結果………………………… 154
4-6-1水溶性離子成份分析結果……………… 154
4-6-2碳成份分析結果………………………… 163
4-6-3無機元素成份分析結果………………… 169
4-7散光係數之量測結果…………………………… 171
4-7-1散光係數與能見度之關係……………… 173
4-7-2散光係數與懸浮微粒之關係…………… 178
4-7-3相對溼度、懸浮微粒對散光係數之影響 181
4-8消光係數推估模式之建立……………………… 182
4-8-1散光係數之推估……………………………182
4-8-1-1乾懸浮微粒之散光係數……… 184
4-8-1-2溼度對懸浮微粒散光係數之影響185
4-8-1-3散光係數推估模式之建立…… 187
4-8-2吸光係數之推估………………………… 197
4-8-3消光係數之推估………………………… 197
4-9懸浮微粒污染來源之探討……………………… 200
4-9-1主成份分析結果………………………… 203
4-9-2前鎮監測站之PM2.5懸浮微粒來源分析…203
4-9-3污染源對消光係數之貢獻量…………… 216
第五章 結論與建議…………………………………… 223
5-1結論……………………………………………… 223
5-2建議……………………………………………… 226
參考文獻……………………………………………… 228
附錄A 各類天氣型態之綜觀天氣圖………………… A-1
附錄B 污染源之指紋資料說明表…………………… B-1
附錄C 各類天氣型態之能見度分佈圖………………… C-1
附錄D 雙粒徑分道採樣器之比對…………………… D-1
附錄E 懸浮微粒之化學成份分析…………………… E-1

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