畜牧廢水於現今的台灣河川污染當中之主要污染來源，由於其高含氮、磷及營養鹽的成份，更增添了其處理上的困難度。目前國內對於養豬廢水的處理方式仍採傳統三段式處理系統方式為主(固液分離系統，厭兼氣系統，活性污泥系統)，但由於其系統中的活性污泥單元操作需要經驗的累積，一般農戶若無經專業的訓練通常不易針對系統的管理做有效的經營，同時也因曝氣槽需耗電力高，也使農戶於曝氣設備上開機率低，導致活性污泥系統運作效率不彰。
　　本研究利用傳統三段式結合水生植物系統的方式處理養豬廢水，並評估水生植物系統取代活性污泥系統的可行性，同時也針對三段式系統中的固液分離槽及厭(兼)氣槽所產生的污泥進行堆肥化的試驗，並評估肥料的適用性及其與法規的符合度，同時進一步的調整其配比及混合的資材以比較肥料成品中成份的差別及腐熟需耗時的長短。
　　研究結果顯示，若以水生植物系統取代活性污泥系統後於BOD及SS皆可符合現今法規的標準。而利用水生植物系統再淨化三段式系統處理後之放流水對於BOD、COD(總)、SS的去除率分別為30.1%、26.9%、61%。實驗的數據表現，水生植物系統的脫氮作用顯著但僅於亞硝酸鹽氮有明顯的降解效果，硝酸鹽氮則並無太大的差異。在堆肥化試驗方面，研究結果顯示以固液分離槽之脫水污泥所製成的的肥料除了於總氮含量上無法於法規所訂立的標準外，大致上皆可符合規範，而以厭(兼)氣槽污泥為主要資材混堆的肥料則幾無法於各監測項目符合法規的規範值。同時也發現堆肥體中混入稻桿可提升堆肥體的生物活性並增加鉀的含量，而混入水生植物系統中之布袋蓮植體則可提升肥料成品中的氮磷含量，另外若混入陶瓷擔體相較於無混任何資材的控制組，則能將鉀、磷保存於堆肥體內，並縮短腐熟所需的時間。

In Taiwan, swine wastewater has become one of the major causes of the deterioration of surface water quality. To minimize the operational and maintenance cost of the conventional wastewater treatment utilities, less expensive natural treatment systems (e.g., aquatic plant treatment system) have been proposed to enhance the efficacy of existing three-stage treatment system (solid separation followed by anaerobic and aerobic treatment). Using the natural treatment system is an appropriate technology for treating livestock wastewater in tropical or subtropical regions or developing countries because it is inexpensive, easily maintained, and has environmentally friendly and sustainable characteristics. The main objectives of this study were to (1) examine the efficacy and capacity of using aquatic plant treatment system to polish the treated wastewater to meet the discharge standards in Taiwan (COD = 600 mg/L, BOD = 80 mg/L, and SS = 150 mg/L), (2) evaluate the potential of reusing the treated wastewater, (3) evaluate the feasibility of replacing the aerobic treatment process contained in the three-stage system with the aquatic plant system, and (4) improve the efficiency of sludge (obtained from the three-stage treatment system) composting process. In this study, a hog farm was selected as the case study site. An aquatic plant unit [13.5 (L) × 4 (W) × 3 (D)] planted with Eichhornia crassipes (water hyacinth) was placed after the aerobic system for wastewater polishment. Influent and effluent sa mples from each unit were collected and analyzed for water quality parameters including chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), and suspended solids (SS). Water samples were collected monthly during the 15-month investigation period. Results show that the averaged COD, BOD, and SS concentrations were approximately 708, 83, and 123 mg/L, respectively after the three-stage treatment scheme. The observed COD, BOD, and SS concentrations dropped to 518, 56, and 48 mg/L, respectively which could meet the discharge standards. Thus, the aquatic plant treatment system played an important role in meeting the discharge standards for swine wastewater. More than 99% of all pollutants were removed by the three-stage system followed by the aquatic plant system. The effluent from the treatment system has been used for hog farm cleaning. Thus, the aquatic plant system has the potential to be applied as the final polishment process to enhance the treatment efficacy of swine wastewater. Results also show that it is feasible to replace the aerobic treatment process with the aquatic plant system from the cost and regulation compliance point of view. Results from the composting study show that rice straws could enhance the activity of microorganisms and also cause the increase the quantity of potassium in the compost pile. Moreover, mixing the water hyacinth in the compost pile could increase the quantity of nitrogen and phosphorous. Results also reveal that using ceramic bioballs as the filling materials could minimize the composting time due to the increase of permeability in the piles.

謝誌 Ⅰ
摘要. Ⅱ
英文摘要 Ⅲ
目錄. Ⅳ
圖目錄. Ⅸ
表目錄 XIII
第一章 前言 ........................................1
1.1 研究緣起 ........................................1
1.2 研究方法及目的 ........................................2
第二章 文獻回顧 ........................................3
2.1自然淨水系統 ........................................3
　 2.1.1 土地處理系統....................................3
2.1.1.1 慢速滲濾......................................4
2.1.1.2 快速滲濾......................................4
2.1.1.3 地表漫流......................................4
2.1.2 水生處理系統....................................6
2.1.2.1 溼地處理系統..................................6
2.1.2.2 水生植物處理系統..............................8
2.1.3 自然淨化適用性及處理效益評估.....................16
2.1.4 國外自然淨化系統應用經驗.........................19
2.2 堆肥的原理...........................................23
2.2.1 一般背景.........................................23
2.2.2 堆肥的過程.......................................23
2.2.3 微生物...........................................26
2.2.4化學轉換..........................................30
2.2.5 堆肥穩定性的決定.................................40
2.2.6 堆肥方法.........................................44
2.3 養豬廢水處理.........................................56
2.3.1 豬糞尿二級處理排放水之特性.......................56
2.3.2 豬糞尿廢水之處理流程.............................56
2.4 廢水再利用...........................................57
2.4.1 農業上再利用.....................................57
2.4.2 地下水補注.......................................57
2.4.3 城鎮中非飲用水...................................57
2.4.4 生活用水中利用再生水為直接飲用水.................58
2.4.5 污水再用於濕地及水產養殖場.......................58
第三章 實驗設計及分析方法...............................59
3.1 廢水實驗方面.........................................59
3.1.1 廢水處理場址介紹.................................59
3.1.2 畜牧廢水採樣及分析...............................60
3.2 堆肥實驗方面.........................................64
3.2.1 設備配置.........................................64
3.2.2 溫度記錄.........................................65
3.2.3 分析項目與方法...................................65
第四章 畜牧廢水處理結果討論.............................67
4.1現場監測..............................................67
4.1.1 水溫.............................................67
4.1.2酸鹼值............................................67
4.1.3氧化還原電位......................................68
4.1.4溶氧..............................................68
4.1.5導電度............................................68
4.2 水質變化.............................................71
4.2.1 總懸浮固體.......................................71
4.2.2化學需氧量........................................71
4.2.3生化需氧量........................................72
4.2.4總磷..............................................72
4.2.5氨氮及總凱氏氮....................................72
4.2.6亞硝鹽氮及硝酸鹽氮................................72
4.2.7重金屬............................................73
4.2.8大腸桿菌..........................................73
4.3 各系統單元去除率分析.................................78
4.3.1 固液分離系統對於各參數之去除率...................78
4.3.2 厭(兼)氣系統對於各參數之去除率...................78
4.3.3 活性污泥系統對於各參數之去除率...................79
4.3.4 三段式系統對於各參數之去除率.....................79
4.3.5 水生植物系統對於各參數之去除率...................79
4.4 評估水生植物系統取代曝氣槽之可行性...................83
4.4.1 以First order Model評估BOD之去除效率.............84
4.4.2 以經驗公式評估SS之去除效率.......................85
4.4.3 以First order Model評估氨氮之去除效率............85
4.4.4 以PREWET模式評估各項參數之去除效率...............86
4.4.4.1 評估BOD之去除效率............................87
4.4.4.2 評估TSS之去除效率............................87
4.4.4.3 評估TP之去除效率.............................87
4.4.4.4 評估TN之去除效率.............................88
4.4.4.5 評估Total Coliform之去除效率.................88
4.4.5 由評估結果討論水生植物系統取代曝氣槽之可行性.....90
4.4.5.1 BOD之評估結果................................90
4.4.5.2 TSS之評估結果................................92
4.4.5.3 其餘法規未規範項目之評估結果.................92
4.4.6 評估放流水回收使用之可行性.......................93
第五章 堆肥化結果討論....................................96
5.1 前趨試驗結果.........................................96
5.1.1堆肥過程中溫度變化................................96
5.2第二次堆肥試驗結果....................................98
5.2.1 堆肥過程中溫度變化...............................98
5.2.2 堆肥過程中灰份變化...............................98
5.2.3 堆肥過程中pH變化.................................98
5.2.4 堆肥過程中導電度變化.............................99
5.2.5 堆肥過程中磷、鉀之變化...........................99
5.2.6 堆肥過程重金屬之變化.............................99
5.3 第三次堆肥試驗結果..................................105
5.3.1 堆肥過程中溫度變化..............................106
5.3.2 堆肥過程中灰份變化..............................107
5.3.3 堆肥過程中pH變化................................107
5.3.4 堆肥過程中導電度變化............................108
5.3.5 堆肥過程中磷、鉀之變化..........................108
5.3.6 堆肥過程中重金屬之變化..........................109
5.3.7 堆肥過程中C、N及C/N比之變化.....................109
5.3.8 腐熟度判定試驗..................................116
5.3.9 各組肥料成品之成份組成與法規之符合度............116
5.3.10 添加陶瓷擔體對堆肥作用的影響...................117
5.3.10.1 A、B兩組於溫度上的區別.....................118
5.3.10.2 A、B兩組堆肥成品於磷、鉀濃度上的差別.......118
5.3.10.3 A、B兩組堆肥成品重金屬濃度上的差別.........118
5.3.11 添加各種資材對堆肥作用的影響.................120
5.3.11.1 添加各種資材組別於溫度上的比較...........120
5.3.11.2 添加各種資材組別於磷、鉀營養成份的比較...121
5.3.11.3 添加各種資材組別於重金屬含量的比較.......122
第六章 結論與建議.......................................123
6.1 結論. ...............................................123
6.2 建議. ...............................................124
第七章 參考文獻.........................................125

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