本研究是利用表面反射異向性光譜(reflection anisotropy spectroscopy，RAS)探討在不同摩擦強度下的聚亞醯胺(polyimide，PI)薄膜，其表面光學異向性和液晶配向之關係。透過表面粗糙度、表面自由能和預傾角的變化，討論PI薄膜經摩擦處理後表面特性的改變。
RAS為一種非接觸式的光學量測技術。其利用一線性極化光垂直入射於樣品表面，偵測樣品表面兩個相互正交方向上的反射率差異，以獲取樣品表面特性發生改變的資訊。
未經摩擦處理的PI薄膜，其表面為各向同性，反射異向訊號為零；當PI薄膜經過摩擦處理後，表面會變成非均勻性，透過反射異向性光譜可獲得表面反射異向訊號。大致上，隨著摩擦強度上升(下降)，反射異向性訊號也隨之上升(下降)。另外，改變不同摩擦強度時，表面自由能的變化與預傾角的變化呈現一個相反的趨勢。將特徵波段的RA大小變化值與液晶分子預傾角的變化做結合，發現兩者可能具有一定的關聯性。

The purpose of this thesis is to study the relation between surface optical anisotropy of polyimide thin film with different rubbing strength and liquid crystal alignment by means of reflection anisotropy spectroscopy (RAS). We discuss the surface properties of rubbed polyimide thin film by measuring the surface roughness, surface free energy and pretilt angle.
RAS is a non-contact optical probe of surfaces. It measures the difference in reflectance of normal incidence linearly polarized light between two orthogonal directions in the surface plane, and we can obtain the surface character of sample by analyzing the signals.
It is isotropic of polyimide thin film surface without rubbing, and reflection anisotropy (RA) signal is zero. The non-zero RA signal, i.e. anisotropic of surface, is revealed because of rubbed polyimide thin film surface. The RA signal is increasing with an increase in rubbing strength. In the results, we found that the pertilt angle is increasing with a decrease in surface free energy, and discovered the correlation between RA signal strength of characteristic wavelength and pretilt angle of liquid crystal at the rubbed polyimide thin film.

摘要 ............................................................................................................. I
英文摘要(Abstract) ................................................................................... II
致謝 ........................................................................................................... III
目錄 ........................................................................................................... IV
圖目錄 ..................................................................................................... VIII
表目錄 ..................................................................................................... XVI
第一章、前言............................................................................................. 1
1-1、緒論 .................................................................................................. 1
1-2、光學檢測技術 .................................................................................. 2
第二章、液晶顯示器基本介紹 ................................................................ 4
2-1、液晶盒簡介 ...................................................................................... 5
2-1.1、液晶層 ........................................................................................... 5
2-1.2、配向層 ......................................................................................... 14
2-1.3、ITO玻璃 ....................................................................................... 18
2-1.4、間隔物 ......................................................................................... 18
2-2、液晶顯示器基本操作模式 ............................................................ 19
2-2.1、水平配向顯示模式 ..................................................................... 19
2-2.2、垂直配向顯示模式 ..................................................................... 20
2-2.3、TN配向顯示模式 ....................................................................... 21
第三章、反射異向性光譜 ...................................................................... 22
3-1、RAS的發展與應用......................................................................... 22
3-2、RAS的原理 .................................................................................... 24
3-2.1、電磁波反射與穿透 ..................................................................... 24
3-2.2、 Epioptics ................................................................................... 28
3-3、RAS系統架設 ................................................................................. 30
3-4、RAS系統儀器與儀控軟體 ............................................................. 32
3-4.1、RAS系統儀器 .............................................................................. 32
3-4.2、RAS儀控軟體 .............................................................................. 42
3-5、RAS系統架構理論.......................................................................... 43
第四章、表面自由能與光學量測 ........................................................... 49
4-1、表面自由能 ..................................................................................... 49
4-1.1、接觸角與接觸角延遲量 .............................................................. 50
4-1.2、表面自由能量測原理 .................................................................. 52
4-1.3、表面自由能量測方法 .................................................................. 55
4-2、液晶盒厚度 ..................................................................................... 59
4-2.1、液晶盒厚度量測原理 .................................................................. 59
4-2.2、液晶盒厚度量測架構 .................................................................. 60
4-3、預傾角 ............................................................................................. 62
4-3.1、預傾角量測原理 ......................................................................... 62
4-3.2、預傾角量測架構 ......................................................................... 66
4-4、液晶盒的光學圖像與光電量測 .................................................... 68
4-4.1、光學圖像觀測系統 ..................................................................... 68
4-4.2、液晶盒光電特性量測 ................................................................. 68
第五章、實驗樣品製備 .......................................................................... 72
5-1、材料介紹 ........................................................................................ 72
5-2、基板製作與液晶盒封裝 ................................................................ 73
5-2.1、清洗ITO玻璃 .............................................................................. 73
5-2.2、製備聚亞醯胺薄膜 ..................................................................... 74
5-2.3、摩擦處理聚亞醯胺薄膜 ............................................................. 76
5-2.4、液晶盒製作 ................................................................................. 78
第六章、實驗結果與討論 ...................................................................... 79
6-1、表面粗糙度 .................................................................................... 79
6-2、不同摩擦強度下的RA光譜 ........................................................... 81
6-3、不同摩擦強度下的表面自由能 .................................................... 89
6-4、不同摩擦強度下的預傾角 ............................................................ 94
6-5、不同摩擦強度下的光電特性 ........................................................ 95
6-6、綜合結果 ..................................................................................... 101
第七章、結論與展望 ........................................................................... 108
附錄A、Fresnel coefficients ............................................................. 110
附錄B、表面能量測原理 .................................................................... 113
附錄C、雙折射物質-相位延遲量 ...................................................... 115
附錄D、水平配向液晶盒光穿透度 .................................................... 117
附錄E、液晶盒光學圖像 .................................................................... 119
縮寫表 ........................................................................................................ i
參考文獻 ................................................................................................... ii

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