本文旨在以Silverstein (2003)所提出的「符指階層」的概念來重新檢視語言選擇及語言轉換所蘊含及帶來的社會意義。多數研究者同意在雙語或多語社會中，語言變體帶有指示社會身分及關係的符號性，也認同即使是在單一言語事件中的語碼轉換，其仍能富含社會意義。然而，一些與「符指」相關的議題卻不常被更深入地探討，例如：符指的連結是如何形成的，以及這些連結如何在語言使用中被轉化為「符指效果」。本研究主要使用「符指階層」以及若干語碼轉換相關研究的方法及概念來深入探究台灣兩位市長（高雄市的陳菊及臺北市的郝龍斌）在兩場國際運動賽事的開幕致詞，而高雄市和臺北市各為這兩場賽事的主辦城市。每則演說都運用多於一個語言，也都包括了語碼轉換及語言跨越，形成有趣的對比。「符指階層」概念的使用能更加凸顯在符指意義產生過程中的辯證及動態本質。此外，本研究的分析也展現「符指階層」的理論如何能豐富過去語碼轉換相關研究方法的內在，也能穩固語碼轉換這個研究領域在整體語言學的理論地位。

The present study aims to redeem social indexical meanings of language choice and language alternation in the light of indexical order, a notion proposed by Silverstein (2003). Many researchers have agreed that language varieties are indexical of certain macro-social relations and that code-switching even within a speech event can also be socially meaningful. Nonetheless, some issues such as how the indexical associations have been formed and how the associations are dynamically transformed into indexical effects have been less extensively discussed. Based on the framework of indexical order, together with some code-switching approaches and concepts, this thesis examines two opening speeches made for two international sports events held in Taiwan. The two speeches were delivered by the mayors of the host cities. Each speech involved more than one language, including cases of both code-switching and crossing (Rampton, 1998). The notion of indexical order has helped unveil the dialectical nature of how the indexical meanings are produced in code-switching or language-choice practices. Besides, the analyses of this study will demonstrate how the framework of indexical order may enrich the code-switching approaches and general code-switching studies.

論文審定書…………………………………………………….i
Acknowledgements…………………………………………ii
中文摘要....................................................................................iv
Abstract…………………… ………………………………..v
Chapter 1 Introduction……………………...……………1
Chapter 2 Literature Review………………..…………...9
2.1 Code-switching Approaches…………...………..9
2.1.1 Situational and Metaphorical Switching….10
2.1.2 Markedness Model………………………....16
2.1.3 Conversation Analytic Approach……..……22
2.1.4 Rational Choice Model………………..……25
2.2 Code-switching Studies in Taiwan........................33
2.3 Crossing………...……………………………………37
2.4 Conversation Accommodation Theory………….40
Chapter 3 Theoretical Framework…………....…………43
3.1 Indexical Order……………………….....………….43
3.2 Style or Dialect Studies Drawing on Indexical Order……………………..57
3.2.1 Indexical Experience………………………..57
3.2.2 Indexical Field………....…………………….59
3.3 Indexical-order Notions in Previous Code-switching Studies…………….63
Chapter 4 Research Data and Macro-social Background....................................68
4.1 Data…………………………………………………..68
4.2 Macro-social Background……………………...…70
4.2.1 Sociolinguistic Life in Taiwan……………...70
4.2.2 Kaohsiung City (the South) and Taipei City (the North)……………79
Chapter 5 Discussion and Conclusion………...………..90
5.1 Discussion……........…………………………………90
5.2 Conclusion………..………………………………..122
References………………….............…………………….….124
Appendix 1……………………………...…………………….134
Appendix 2…………………...……………………………….136

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