工業及民生上常使用含有烷基苯酚聚乙氧基醇化合物 (Alkylphenol polyethoxylates, APEOs) 的非離子型界面活性劑，APEOs本身不具毒性，但是排放至環境，經化學及生物性降解乙基醇基後，其產物如壬基苯酚 (nonylphenol, NP) 及辛基苯酚 (octylphenol, OP) 因不易被分解而持續存在於水環境中，通常吸附在底泥。NP結構恰似雌激素 (17β-Estradiol)，經由食物鏈進入生物體內會累積而干擾其內分泌系統，使生殖系統異常，是為環境荷爾蒙。先前研究顯示高雄愛河曾受到相當程度的APEOs污染，本研究從愛河水樣及底泥中以NP為唯一碳源集菌法分離出數株可以NP生長的菌株。經16S rRNA序列比對發現有Serratia marcescens (strain A)、Vibrio sp. (strain B) 及Aeromonadaceae sp. (strain C) 等菌。這些菌株分解NP的能力及最佳條件以HPLC-UV評估，以S. marcescens (strain A) 的分解效果最佳，在28天內分解25 ppm的NP，Vibrio sp. (strain B)、Aeromonadaceae sp. (strain C) 和混合菌液別有65%、25%和30%的分解效果，為了解strain A的分解極限，設計100 ppm的實驗組做測試，最高可分解72 ppm的壬基苯酚。此外，利用DGGE探討富集化的培養液中細菌組成，混合菌液中並不含有純化的strain A、B、C，而經過定序確認混合菌液中的優勢菌種為Ochrobactrum sp.和Alcaligenaceae sp.，以期成為日後環境生物復育之用。

Alkylphenol polyethoxylates (APEOs) are commonly present in both industrial and municipal wastewaters. They belong to the nonionic surfactants which have been widely used for years. APEOs themselves are nontoxic to organisms. When released into the environment, the EO chain of APEOs are degraded chemically and biologically. Some of the products, such as nonylphenol and octylphenol, are persistant. According to the partition coefficient constant, the alkylphenols are adsorpted in the sediments and accumulated in the environment. Nonylphenol (NP) is an analog of 17β-estradiol, a sex hormone. It is one of the environmental hormones which can get into the organisms through the food chain and may interfere with the reproduction function. Previous studies showed the Love River in Kaohsiung was polluted with APEOs considerably. Bacteria capable of using nonylphenol as the sole carbon source were isolated by the enrichment procedures. Some of the bacterial isolates were identified as Serratia marcescens (strain A), Vibrio sp. (strain B) and Aeromonadaceae sp. (strain C) by the 16S rRNA phylogeny. The rates of NP degradation were evaluated by the HPLC-UV. S. marcescens strain A manifested the best degradative. It could degrade almost 25 ppm of NP in 28 days. The degradative capability of Vibrio sp. (strain B), Aeromonadaceae sp. (strain C) and the enriched mix culture were 65%, 25% and 30%, respectively. Additionally, to know the limitation of degrading nonylphenol by strain A, we set the concentration to 100 ppm for the test. Strain A could degrade 72 ppm in this test. Bacterial composition of the enriched consortia was grouped by the DGGE method. The dominants were Ochrobactrum sp. and Alcaligenaceae sp. which may be to applied to environmental bioremediation.

目錄
誌謝 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i i
摘要 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i i i
Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i v
目錄 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
表目錄 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v i i i
圖目錄 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i x
附錄 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x
一、前言 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1. 環境荷爾蒙 (Environmental Hormone) ................................................... 1
2. 界面活性劑 (Surfactant) .............................................................................. 2
3. 壬基苯酚的基本介紹 ..................................................................................... 4
4. 可分解壬基苯酚微生物的分解效力及降解過程 ...................................... 7
5. 分子生物技術於環境微生物之應用 ................................................... 10
6. 利用HPLC-UV 分析壬基苯酚含量 ................................................... 12
7. 研究目的 ...................................................................................................... 13
二、材料與方法 ............................................................... 14
1. 菌種取得及富集化方法 ............................ ....................... 14
2. 單一菌株的培養及保存 ............................ ....................... 14
3. 初步測試菌株分解壬基苯酚之培養條件 ................................................... 15
4. 菌株分解壬基苯酚之測試培養條件 ................................................... 15
5. HPLC-UV 定量且定性壬基苯酚之方法確效 ............................................. 16
5.1 HPLC 之沖堤條件 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 6
5.2 製備標準曲線 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 6
5.3 偵測測試試管中的壬基苯酚濃度 ................................................... 17
6. 測試分解Nonylphenol 過程的菌數變化 ................................................... 17
7. 細菌genomic DNA 萃取 ................................................... 18
8. Genomic DNA 瓊脂膠體電泳檢視 ................................................... 19
9. 引子 (primers) ............................................................................................... 20
10. 聚合酶連鎖反應 (polymerase chain reaction, PCR) ................................. 20
11. DNA 接合反應 (Ligation) ..................................................................... 21
12. 勝任細胞(competent cell)製備及重組質體轉型(Transformation) .......... 21
13. Plasmid DNA 的萃取 ................................................................................ 22
14. 核酸序列分析 .......................................................................................... 23
15. 變性梯度膠體電泳 (DGGE) ....................................................................... 23
15.1 變性梯度膠體的配製 ............................................................................. 24
15.2 變性梯度膠體電泳的準備工作及條件設定 ....................................... 24
三、結果 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 5
1. 菌種純化及生長條件測試 ................................................... 25
1.1 單一菌落的純化及初步分解力測試 ................................................... 25
1.2 單一菌落LB 濃度選定測試 ................................................... 26
1.3 單一菌落的生長條件測試 ................................................... 26
2. Nonylphenol 的分解力及菌數成長 ................................................... 27
2.1 壬基苯酚25 ppm 的分解測試 ................................................... 27
2.2 壬基苯酚100 ppm 的分解測試 (S. marcescens strain A) …………. 28
3. DGGE 分析菌相 .......................................................................................... 30
3.1 單一菌落的16S rRNA 基因篩選 ................................................... 30
3.2 使用DGGE 將混合菌液的clones 分組 ................................................... 31
4. 菌種鑑定 ...................................................................................................... 31
四、討論 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 4
1. 菌種特性比較 .............................................................................. 34
2. 16S rRNA 序列的鑑別度 ................................................... 35
3. 測試S. marcescens strain A 壬基苯酚分解力 .......................................... 36
4. 生物復育方法 (Bioremediation) ................................................... 37
5. 目前研究趨勢 .................................................................................. 40
五、參考文獻 ............................................................... 42

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