台灣土壤及地下水受油品污染日益嚴重，污染案例不勝枚舉，油品污染一般污染途徑以地下儲油槽(underground storage tanks, USTs)受腐蝕而破裂產生漏油、油管破裂、地面油品意外洩漏、及廢油品任意傾倒或掩埋等。本研究利用不同操作及控制條件下，以泥漿相生物批次實驗，評估受潤滑油及柴油污染土壤之可行性研究，並以現地微生物或加入其他添加物(氯化汞、營養鹽、重油分解菌、生物污泥、蛇木屑及熟成廚餘堆肥)，進一步觀察不同影響因子對於土壤中微生物分解總石油碳氫化合物(total petroleum hydrocarbons, TPH)之效率，並以土耕法結合生物堆法應用整治受潤滑油及柴油污染土壤之場址。泥漿相批次試驗結果顯示，熟成廚餘堆肥組之TPH濃度最快降至法規標準以下；TPH去除率熟成廚餘堆肥(80.5%) >生物污泥(78.6%) >重油分解菌(77.4%) >蛇木屑(75.1%) >營養鹽 (73.3%) >現地微生物(66.1%) >氯化汞(1.6%)；雖然熟成廚餘堆肥去除效率及能力較佳，但模場因成本考量下而選擇以污泥作為菌種添加，較具方便性及經濟性。在模場試驗結果顯示有無添加污泥總去除效率相差約20%，其中以添加2車次污泥之去除效率最佳，且符合法規標準，由此可知，添加生物污泥可有效提升降解污染土方土壤中TPH濃度。由變性梯度膠體電泳(denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, DGGE)所進行之菌相分析結果顯示，泥漿相批次實驗環境中的微生物依所添加之添加物不同，其微生物菌相有顯著的變化；生物污泥及熟成廚餘經定序結果可知，所含微生物具有重油、柴油及MTBE之分解能力。泥漿相與模場試驗之定序結果，經文獻比對可整理出9組具有相關性之基因序列組，其具有降解石油碳氫化合物之微生物包含Pseudomonas sp.、Pseudoxanthomonas sp.、Rhodocyclaceae bacterium、Variovorax sp.、Acidovorax sp.、Leptothrix sp.、Alcaligenaceae bacterium與Burkholderia sp.。由本研究結果可知，部分原生種微生物長期生長於，受石油碳氫化合物污染之土壤，經馴化後可成為優勢菌種，有些則是污泥裡含有降解污染物的微生物，故利用額外添加具有降解TPH污染物之微生物，亦可達到一定成效。本研究成果將有助於擬定一套有效及降低處理成本之離地生物復育技術，提供受TPH污染場址整治之參考。

Leaking of petroleum products from storage tanks is a commonly found cause of soil contamination. Among those petroleum products, diesel-oil contaminated soils are more difficult to treat compared to gasoline (a more volatile petroleum product). With the growing interest in environmental remediation, various approaches have been proposed for treating petroleum-hydrocarbon (PH) contaminated sites. Given that it is often not possible to remove the released oil or remediate the site completely within a short period of time, using the in situ remedial technology, soil excavation followed by more cost-effective technology should be applied to accelerate the efficiency of site cleanup. In the first-part of this study, laboratory degradation experiments were conducted to determine the optimal operational conditions to effectively and economically bioremediate diesel-fuel contaminated soils. In the second part of this study, a combined full-scale landfarming and biopile system was operated to cleanup diesel fuel-contaminated soils. In the laboratory study, except of frequent soil tilling for air replacement, different additives were added in the laboratory bioreactors to enhance the total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) removal efficiency. The additives included nutrients, TPH-degrading bacteria, activated sludge, fern chips, and kitchen waste composts. PH-degrading bacteria were isolated from PH-contaminated soils and activated sludge was collected from a wastewater treatment plant containing PH in the influent. PH-degrading bacteria and sludge were added to increase the microbial population and diversity. Fern chips and kitchen waste composts were added to increase the soil permeability. Results indicate that the bioreactor with kitchen waste compost addition had the highest TPH removal rate. The observed TPH-removal ratios for the compost, activated sludge, PH-degrading bacteria, fern chips, nutrients, TPH-degrading bacteria addition, and control (with HgCl2 addition) groups were 80.5%, 78.6%, 77.4%, 75.1%, 73.3%, 66.1%, and 1.6% respectively. In the field study, activated sludge was selected as the additive from the engineering point of view. With the addition of activated sludge, an increase of 20% was observed for TPH removal ratio. Results from the denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) tests show that the detected PH-degrading bacteria in the activated sludge included the following: Pseudomonas sp., Pseudoxanthomonas sp., Rhodocyclaceae bacterium, Variovorax sp., Acidovorax sp., Leptothrix sp., Alcaligenaceae bacterium, and Burkholderia sp. Some of these bacteria became dominant species in the field after a long-term operation, which was beneficial to the soil bioremediation. Results indicate that the in situ bioremediation has the potential to be developed into an environmentally and economically acceptable remediation technology.

謝 誌 I
摘要 II
Abstract III
目錄 V
圖目錄 VIII
表目錄 X
第一章 前言 1
1.1 研究緣起 1
1.2 研究目的 2
第二章 文獻回顧 3
2.1 土壤及地下水油品污染來源 3
2.2 潤滑油與柴油之性質及影響 4
2.2.1 潤滑油與柴油之成份及基本性質 4
2.2.2 潤滑油分類及作用 6
2.2.3 潤滑油與柴油對環境及人體健康危害 7
2.3 石油碳氫化合物污染型態及傳輸方式 8
2.4 受石油碳氫化合物污染土壤整治技術與應用趨勢 12
2.5土壤離地生物復育方法介紹 15
2.5.1 固相處理 15
2.5.2 泥漿相處理 28
2.6 油分解菌 40
2.6.1 微生物與石油碳氫化合物之關係 40
2.6.2 生物分解污染物機制 42
2.6.3影響微生物生長的主要因子 43
2.6.4降解碳氫化合物之微生物種類 46
2.7土壤污染案例介紹 49
第三章 實驗方法與步驟 56
3.1 實驗架構與流程 56
3.2 實驗材料 57
3.2.1 實驗藥品 57
3.2.2 實驗器材 58
3.3 實驗設計與組別 62
3.3.1 不同添加物於泥漿相微生物降解試驗 62
3.4 模場試驗 65
3.4.1 污染場址地理位置 65
3.4.2 生物復育場址介紹 65
3.5 實驗分析方法 69
3.5.1 土壤基本分析 69
3.5.2 TPH測定 72
3.5.3 土壤中總菌落數測定 72
3.5.4 分子生物技術 73
第四章 結果與討論 79
4.1 實驗土壤基本性質 79
4.2 添加不同添加物於泥漿相對生物降解之影響 80
4.2.1 生物復育過程中pH及EC變化 80
4.2.2 土壤中TPH濃度變化趨勢 83
4.2.3 以一階反應探討各組TPH降解速率與去除率 87
4.2.4 討論TPH降解過程中總菌落數變化 91
4.3生物復育模場試驗 95
4.3.1 土壤中TPH變化趨勢 95
4.3.2 模場總生菌數變化趨勢 98
4.3.3 模場TPH圖譜之判視 100
4.3.4 模場土壤氣體檢測 103
4.4 批次實驗及模場試驗之菌相變化 105
4.5 批次實驗及模場之菌種鑑定 107
4.6 受石油碳氫化合物污染土壤整治流程與成本 125
4.6.1 土耕法與生物堆法操作建議流程圖 125
4.6.2 污染場址整治成本評估 128
第五章 結論與建議 131
5.1 結論 131
5.2 建議 133
參考文獻 134

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