本文以禪學角度，由＜序曲＞(The Prelude) 觀照威廉•華茲華次(William Wordsworth)早年生活。
文分五章節：
導論闡明研究之方法，並做一詳細之文獻探討。
第一章介紹基本禪學概念，以利後續章節理解。
第二章點出語言符號的空無，並以之驗證華氏對抽象言語，理念的執著，以及執著後所生之苦痛與不安。
第三章說明習以為常之『我』，其實只是『我所』之假像，並檢視華氏之『我執』。 其『我執』淺時，自在與和諧與之相伴，但『我執』深時，痛苦不斷。
第四章依禪之角度，分析＜序曲＞中之自然。『自然如是』(nature as it is)顯現時，常是天人合一，物我和諧之境。 但在『自然為分別心所造』(nature as is meant)之中，自然已非自然，而只是華氏腦中所構築之抽象哲學理念，或神性之代言。 並由華氏與自然之和諧關係，探究其慈悲心之來源。

The purpose of this dissertation is to examine the life of Wordsworth as presented in The Prelude through the approach of Ch’an (Zen) Buddhism.
Three other topics will be touched on in addition to an introduction to Ch’an: language, I and nature. Basic notions of Ch’an are introduced to form a basis for the understanding of and interpretation of later chapters. The language of Wordsworth is analyzed to show two key points: the empty essence of language and Wordsworth’s attachment to abstractions. The emptiness of abstractions in this chapter also serves as a basis for the discussions of nature in chapter four. The notion of self in The Prelude is examined in the episodes of Wordsworth’s life to see his attachments and detachments; joy and sadness. Nature is then analyzed and divided into “nature as it is” and “nature as is meant” through the examination of The Prelude.
The research finds that Wordsworth’s early exposure to nature helps cultivate a much selfless “I,” which explains his devotion to the French Revolution as he pursues it for the welfare of the public. His experiences of oneness with nature helps him experience rare cases of beauty, sublimity, develop imagination, and are later used as a powerful momentum to fight the conflict and pain in life. Yet as his experiences of one with nature gradually fade away from his memories under the constant conflict of his later grown-up life, he is more and more sucked into the gyration of differentiation. The mistakening of empty abstractions for his life’s ideal gets him into the web of transcendental signifiers without any real solace. Attaching to abstractions only makes him stay away from the real and trap in the world of distinction and illusion. Only when he is back in nature and reality can he regain his pleasantness and joy.

Table of Contents

Abstract
Acknowledgements
Table of Contents
Introduction 1
Chapter One Introduction to Ch’an 27
What is Ch’an 27
I. The purpose of Ch’an: realization of the true fact of life 30
II. Life is emptiness / there is nothing permanent 31
Logic and dichotomy 36
Self 38
Ch’an and language 45
One 51
Non-attachment 55
Compassion 57
Chapter Two The language of The Prelude—manifestation of emptiness 59
Part One Language / knowledge 59
Language 59
Truth about language 60
Knowledge 64
Abstractions 66
Emptiness of language to the core—the signifier 68
Part Two Emptiness of language demonstrated in The Prelude 73
Going back to the root of the phenomenal—there is originally nothingness 75
A world of signs centered on “God”—transcendental signifiers 76
Analyses 90
I. Cause: Transcendental signifiers / abstractions / emptiness 90
II. Effect: The French Revolution / abstractions / pain 98
Conclusion to chapter two 116
Chapter Three Wordsworth, Ch’an and self 117
Part One Self and no self 117
The existence of pain and self 118
Truth of the matter: 122
Who am I?--the transience of self 122
Self as imagined 123
Wordsworth’s Prelude and self 125
I. The Prelude: “His” autobiography, not he 127
II. Happiness without self; pain with self 128
III. From the real state of one to the illusive world of many 129
Part Two Before analyses 131
I. Wordsworth’s freer self: the influences of villagers, nature and his mother. 131
II. Wordsworth’s self bondage 134
Analyses 135
From detachment to attachment 135
Conclusion to chapter three 164
Chapter Four Wordsworth, Chan and Nature 165
Part One 165
Nature and man 166
I. Nature as departed from man 166
II. Nature as inside and outside man—oneness 167
Nature and one: from the perspective of Ch’an 170
I. Nature: one / non-differentiation 170
II. Nature and child 172
III. Nature is mind: one with nature 174
IV. The purpose of nature 175
V. Nature and God 176
VI. Nature as moral / power / equality 178
VII. Love of nature leading to love of man—nature and compassion 179
Part Two Before analyses 183
Analyses 184
I. Nature as it is 184
II. Nature as is meant 199
III. Nature and compassion 209
Conclusion to chapter four 215
Conclusion to the dissertation 217
Renditions and Glossary 219
Bibliography 224

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Mann, Karen. “George Eliot and Wordsworth: The Power of Sound and the Power of Mind.” SEL. 20 (1980): 675~694.
Manning, Peter. “Reading and Writing Nature.” Review. 15 (1993): 275-96.
Marder, Daniel. “The Picturesque in Wordsworth's Imagination: His Guide to the Lakes.” The Nature of Identity. Ed. William Weathers. Tulsa: Univ. of Tulsa, 1981. 27-35.
Markley, A.. “Wordsworth's 'Ruth'.” Explicator. 64 (2005): 26-28.
Matlak, Richard. “The Men in Wordsworth's Life.” The Wordsworth Circle. 9 (1978): 391-97.
McFarland, Thomas. “Green Savannahs: Wordsworth and the Moral Bonding with Nature.” European Romantic Review. 3 (1992): 41-64.
---. “Imagination and Its Cognates: Supplementary Considerations.” Studies in the Literary Imagination. 19 (1986): 35-50.
---. “Wordsworth on Man, on Nature, and on Human Life.” Studies in Romanticism. 21 (1982): 601-618.
McGann, Jerome. “Keats and the Historical Method in Literary Criticism.” MLN. 94 (1979): 988-1032.
---. “Milton and Byron.” Keats-Shelley Memorial Bulletin. 25 (1974): 9-25.
---. “Romanticism and Its Ideologies.” Studies in Romanticism. 21 (1982): 573-599.
McGhee, Richard. “'And Earth and Stars Composed a Universal Heaven': A View of Wordsworth's Later Poetry.” SEL. 11 (1971): 641-57.
McKusick, James. “Coleridge and the Economy of Nature.” Green Writing Romanticism and Ecology. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2000. 35-76.
---. “Romanticism and Ecology.” The Wordsworth Circle. 28 (1997): 123-200.
Mellown, Muriel. “Images of Fancy and Imagination: A Reading of The Prelude, Book III.” The Durham University Journal. 71 (1979): 245-51.
Meyer, William, Jr.. “Whitman vs. Wordsworth: The Fundamental Aesthetic Difference.” Journal of American Culture. 20 (1997): 75-87.
Michael, John. “Emerson's Chagrin: Benediction and Exhortation in 'Nature' and 'Tintern Abbey'.” MLN. 101 (1986): 1067-85.
Miller, James. “English Romanticism and Chinese Nature Poetry.” Comparative Literature. 24 (1972): 216-36.
Milne, Fred. “The Eclipsed Imagination in Shelley's 'The Triumph of Life'.” SEL. 21 (1981): 681-702.
Milstead, John. “Clarifying Wordsworthian Nature.” PMLA. 93 (1978): 121-22.
Minton, Arthur. “Wordsworth's The Prelude, V, 364-374.” Explicator. 4 (1946): item 58.
Mitchell, W.. “Influence, Autobiography, and Literary History: Rousseau's Confessions and Wordsworth's The Prelude.” ELH. 57 (1990): 643-64.
Montgomery, Marion. “Wordsworth, Eliot, and the 'Personal Heresy'.” South Atlantic Bulletin. 32 (1967): 17-20.
Moore, John. “Emerson on Wordsworth.” PMLA. 41 (1926): 179-92.
Morgan, Thaïs. “Rereading Nature: Wordsworth between Swinburne and Arnold.” Victorian Poetry. 24 (1986): 427-439.
Morkan, Joel. “Structure and Meaning in The Prelude, Book V.” PMLA. 87 (1972): 246-54.
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Morton, Timothy. “Why Ambient Poetics? Outline for a Depthless Ecology.” The Wordsworth Circle. 33 (2002): 52-56.
Mulvihill, James. “Consuming Nature: Wordsworth and the Kendal and Windermere Railway Controversy.” Modern Language Quarterly. 56 (1995): 305-26.
Myers, Victoria. “Law and the Literary Imagination.” The Wordsworth Circle. 35 (2004): 123-46.
Neth, Michael. “Poetry in British Romanticism.” European Legacy. 9 (2004): 649-54.
Newman, Lance. Our Common Dwelling: Henry Thoreau, Transcendentalism, and the Class Politics of Nature. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005.
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Padley, Jonathan. “Frankenstein and (Sublime) Creation.” Romanticism . 9 (2003): 196-212.
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Roe, Nicholas. “Revising the Revolution: History and Imagination in The Prelude, 1799, 1805, 1850.” Romantic Revisions. 1992 p. 87-102. –Imcomplete bibliography--NSYSU
Rudy, John. “Beyond Vocation and Ego: Self-Displacement in Wordsworth's 1803 Memorials.” SEL. 29 (1989): 637-53.
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Sabin, Margery. “Imagination in Rousseau and Wordsworth.” Comparative Literature. 22 (1970): 328-45.
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Shelley, Bryan. “The Synthetic Imagination: Shelley and Associationism.” The Wordsworth Circle. 14 (1983): 68-73.
Simpson, Louis. “The Man Freed from the Order of Time': Poetic Theory in Wordsworth and Proust.” The Romantics and Us. Ed. Gene W.. New Brunswick: Rutgers UP, 1990. 91-107.
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---. Strange Seas of Thought: Studies in William Wordsworth's Philosophy of Man and Nature. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1958.
---. “Wordsworth and Philosophy: Suggestions concerning the Source of the Poet's Doctrines and the Nature of His Mystical Experience.” PMLA. 44 (1929): 1116-43.
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On Wordsworth and Sympathy
Chun, Sehjae. “At the Borders of Humanity: Sympathy and Animals in William Cowper's, William Wordsworth's and John Clare's Poems.” Dissertation Abstracts International, Section A. 64 (2004): 4057.
Graef, Ortwin. “Encrypted Sympathy: Wordsworth's Infant Ideology.” The Wordsworthian Enlightenment. Eds. Helen Regueiro and Frances Ferguson. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins UP, 2005. 45-70.
---. “Suffering, Sympathy, Circulation: Smith, Wordsworth, Coetzee (But There's a Dog).” European Journal of English Studies. 7 (2003): 311-31.
Han, Kyoung-Min. “Teaching Sympathy in Rural Places: Readers' Moral Education in Nineteenth-Century British Literature.” Dissertation Abstracts International, Section A. 67 (2007): 2591.
Hodgson, John. “Sympathy and Imagination: Wordsworth and English Romantic Poetry.” Approaches to Teaching Wordsworth's Poetry. Eds. Spencer Hall and Jonathan Ramsey. New York: Modern Language Association of America, 1986. 130-136.
Incorvati, Rick. “Sympathy and the Social Order: The Politics of Emotional Relationships from Hume to Wordsworth.” Dissertation Abstracts International, Section A. 62 (2001): 1032.
Levy, Michelle. “The Wordsworths, the Greens, and the Limits of Sympathy.” Studies in Romanticism. 42 (2003): 541-63.
Lokash, Jennifer. “Shelley's Organic Sympathy: Natural Communitarianism and the Example of Alastor.” Wordsworth Circle. 28 (1997): 177-83.
Nakamura, Kenji. “Wordsworth and the Epistemology of Sight and Sympathy in the Eighteenth Century.” Wordsworth Circle. 28 (1997): 54-58.
Richardson, Alan. “The Dangers of Sympathy: Sibling Incest in English Romantic Poetry.” SEL. 25 (1985): 737-54.
Richey, William. “The Rhetoric of Sympathy in Smith and Wordsworth.” European Romantic Review. 13 (2002): 427-43.
Smith, Jeremy. “Blank Verse Sympathy: Abstraction, Time, and Poetic Form in William Wordsworth's Two-Part 'Prelude'.” Dissertation Abstracts International, Section A. 59 (1999): 3832.
Yook, Eun-Jung. “Romantic Sympathy: Sympathy and Self-Fashioning in Wordsorth, De Quincey, and Keats.” Dissertation Abstracts International, Section A. 64 (2004): 4480.
Yousef, Nancy. “Wordsworth, Sentimentalism, and the Defiance of Sympathy.” European Romantic Review. 17 (2006): 205-13.

中文書目(依姓名筆劃為序)
禪學講話 日種讓山著/芝峯法師譯 臺北市東大圖書3版1991
拈花微笑 釋聖嚴著 臺北市法鼓文化1999
信心銘講錄 釋聖嚴著 臺北市法鼓文化1999
禪的生活 釋聖嚴著 臺北市法鼓文化1999
禪的世界 釋聖嚴著 臺北市法鼓文化1999
禪門 釋聖嚴著 臺北市法鼓文化1999
禪鑰 釋聖嚴著 臺北市法鼓文化1999
聖嚴說禪 釋聖嚴著 臺北市法鼓文化1999
禪與悟 釋聖嚴著 臺北市法鼓文化2001
入不思議處 釋成觀著 臺北市毘盧2002
佛性三參 釋成觀著 臺北市毘盧2002
禪之甘露 釋成觀著 臺北市毘盧2002
妙雲華雨的禪思 釋印順著 臺北市正聞初版1999
空之探究 釋印順著 臺北市正聞10版2000
中國禪宗史 釋印順著 臺北市正聞15刷2003
中觀論頌講記 釋印順著 臺北市正聞新版2刷2003
佛在人間 釋印順著 臺北市正聞新版2刷2003
性空學探源 釋印順著 臺北市正聞新版2刷2003
般若經講記 釋印順著 臺北市正聞新版2刷2003
學佛之根本意趣 釋印順著 臺北市正聞初版1刷2008
佛教的道德觀 釋星雲著 臺北市佛光文化初版1984
禪師與禪語 釋星雲著 臺北市佛光文化初版1984
因緣琉璃 釋星雲著 臺北市希代出版1版1刷1994
星雲法語（2） 釋星雲著 臺北市佛光文化初版1刷1993
星雲法語（1） 釋星雲著 臺北市佛光文化初版2刷1994
禪宗無門關 釋星雲著 臺北市佛光文化初版1997
生活禪心 釋星雲著 臺北市佛光文化初版1999
齋後語 釋證嚴著 臺北市慈濟文化初版16刷1994
自在的心靈 釋證嚴著 臺北市龍吟文化初版1996
禪學入門 鈴木大拙著/謝思煒譯臺北市桂冠文化1992