高雄縣市所處高屏空品區為台灣地區空氣污染最為嚴重的區域，空氣品質不良率(PSI>100)可達6-10 %左右，臭氧(O3)是造成高屏空品區空氣品質不良的主要原因之一。有鑑於此，本研究乃採用高空繫留氣球(tethered balloon)搭配採樣泵及鐵氟龍採樣袋，進行O3及其前趨物(NOX及VOCs)的垂直剖面採樣，探討O3及其前趨物濃度的垂直剖面變化及海陸域時空分佈趨勢。本研究於空氣污染最為嚴重的高雄地區，同步進行陸域及海域空氣品質採樣，俾能進一步瞭解陸域及海域O3生成機制及推估污染氣團傳輸路徑。
本研究分別於2006年8月、11月，2007年1月、3月、5月，2008年10月及2009年3月及7月共執行八次O3及其前趨物垂直高空採樣，並依採樣期間的氣象特徵條件，將八次採樣分成海陸風效應期間、東北季風期間及混合型風場期間。其中海陸風效應期間白天與夜晚的風向變化超過90˚，海域及陸域的風速有明顯的改變，海域的風速會有顯著上升與下降之情形，而陸域風速變動較海域為小；東北季風期間風向穩定吹北風(300~60˚)且風速介於1~4 m/s；而混合型風場期間風向較不固定(270~90˚)且風速介於1~3 m/s。
由垂直剖面採樣結果顯示，八次採樣期間64點次中計有40點次發生O3層化現象，其中O3前趨物(NOX或VOCs)濃度亦發生層化現象者共計30點次，佔O3層化現象之75 %，表示O3濃度與其前趨物(NOX及VOCs)濃度存在密切關係。從滴定效應的線性斜率得知，東北季風期間夜間至清晨滴定效應強度較大，且相關性較為顯著(R>0.7)，混合型風場期間次之，海陸風效應期間最小，且線性相關不顯著，判斷其可能原因應與氣象條件、O3前趨物濃度及太陽輻射強度不同有關，導致夜間東北季風期間O3濃度較海陸風期間為低。
由VOCs採樣分析結果得知，高雄沿海地區海陸風效應期間、東北季風期間及混合型風場期間的主要揮發性有機物比例，海域平均濃度以丙酮為最高(佔總TVOCs-C2之16.25 %~64.05 %)，而陸域平均濃度以甲苯為最高(佔總TVOCs-C2之6.41 %~43.77 %)，從總TVOCs-C2濃度來看，海域受到船舶之尾氣排放及有機溶劑使用之影響，使得丙酮濃度仍佔一定的量；另從逆軌跡分析結果得知陸域地區排放源亦會傳輸至外海，造成外海NOX及VOCs濃度升高。由O3生成潛勢結果得知，高雄沿海地區地面至高空500 m處影響O3生成潛勢主要之TVOCs-C2來源為芳香烴類及烯類。
由O3前趨物濃度控制探討結果得知，海域[TVOCs-C2]/[NOX]比值較大，多偏向NOX-limited，因此若需降低O3之生成，必須針對以NOX控制減量為主；陸域[TVOCs-C2]/[NOX]比值較小，甚至有些比值低於4，顯示比較偏向VOCs-limited，若需降低O3之生成，必須以VOCs控制減量為主。

Metro Kaohsiung with high percentage (6-10 %) of poor air quality (PSI>100) has been announced officially by Taiwan Environmental Protection Administration (TEPA) as the worst air quality region among seven Air Quality Zones (AQZ) in Taiwan. Ozone is one of two major air pollutants that are responsible for the poor air quality. In this study, the vertical concentration profiles of ozone and its precursors (NOX and VOCs) at eight sites were measured by tethered balloons with air pumps and tedlar sampling bags. This method was used to investigate the vertical profile and the tempospatial distribution of ozone and its precursors in offshore/inland regions. This study further investigated ozone formation mechanism and air mass trajectory via simultaneous air quality sampling around the coastal region of metro Kaohsiung.
This study sampled the vertical concentration profiles of ozone and its precursors at both inland and offshore sites during eight intensive sampling periods on August 16-17 and November 2-3, 2006, January 24-25, March 6-7 and May 2-3, 2007, October 30-31, 2008, and March 11-12 and July 15-16, 2009. Eight sampling periods were divided into the sea-land breeze period, the northeast monsoon period, and the mixing wind field period. During the sea-land breeze period, the wind direction changed 90˚ and more between daytime and nighttime, and the wind speeds of the sea breezes varied significantly than those of the land breezes. During the northeast monsoon period, prevailing wind blew from the north (300~60˚) with the average wind speeds of 1~4 m/s. During the mixing wind field period, the wind direction varied significantly from 270˚ to 90˚ with the average wind speeds of 1~3 m/s.
Results obtained from the vertical profiles showed that O3 concentration appeared stratification phenomenon at 40 out of 64 sampling sites, in which its precursors (NOX or VOCs) demonstrated stratification phenomenon at 30 sampling sites, accounting for 75 % of total O3 stratification. It suggested that ozone and its precursors had strong correlation with each other. The linear slope of the titration effect showed that the intensity of titration effect at night during the northeast monsoon period was larger and had higher correlation (R> 0.7), and followed by the mixing wind field period and the sea-land breeze period. This phenomenon correlated closely with meteorological conditions, the concentrations of O3 precursors, and solar radiation intensity. Therefore, O3 concentration at night during the northeast monsoon period was lower than those of the sea-land breeze period.
Results obtained from VOCs measurement indicated that the major species of VOCs was acetone which accounted for 16.25~64.05 % of total TVOCs-C2 in the offshore region. High concentration of TVOCs-C2 was affected by the usage of organic solvents. While, the major species of VOCs in the inland region was toluene which accounted for 6.41~43.77 % of total TVOCs-C2. Furthermore, results obtained from backward trajectory showed that air pollutants emited from land sources could transport to the offshore region, resulting in high concentration of oversea NOX and VOCs. Major species of VOCs for high O3 formation potential were aromatics and vinyls at the height of 0~500 m around the coastal region of metro Kaohsiung.
The control of O3 precursors concentration showed that the ratio of [TVOCs-C2]/[NOX] in the offshore region was higher, indicating that O3 formation was NOX-limited. Therefore, NOX must be controlled for reducing O3 formation. However, the ratio of [TVOCs-C2]/[NOX] in the inland region was lower, some cases even below 4, showing that O3 formation was VOCs-limited. Thus, VOCs must be controlled for reducing O3 formation.

謝誌..……..……..……..……..……..……..……..……..……..…………. I
中文摘要..……..……..……..……..……..……..……..……..……..……. II
英文摘要..……..……..……..……..……..……..……..……..……..……. IV
目錄..……..……..……..……..……..……..……..……..……..……..…... VI
表目錄..……..……..……..……..……..……..……..……..……..………. IX
圖目錄..……..……..……..……..……..……..……..……..……..………. XII
第一章 前言..……..……..……..……..……..……..……..……..……... 1-1
1-1 研究動機..……..……..……..……..……..……..……..……….. 1-1
1-2 研究目的..……..……..……..……..……..……..……..……….. 1-3
1-3 研究範圍及架構..……..……..……..……..……..……..……… 1-4
第二章 文獻回顧..……..……..……..……..……..……..……..………. 2-1
2-1 光化學反應..……..……..……..……..……..……..……..…….. 2-1
2-1-1 臭氧形成理論..……..……..……..……..……..………… 2-1
2-1-2 氮氧化物(NOX)與揮發性有機物(VOCs)之光化學反應. 2-3
2-1-3 臭氧滴定效應..……..……..……..…………..……..…… 2-7
2-2 臭氧生成之分析..……..……..……..……..……..……..……….. 2-9
2-2-1 臭氧前趨物對臭氧之生成控制..……..……..……..…… 2-9
2-2-2 臭氧生成潛勢(Ozone Formation Potential, OFP) ..…….. 2-12
2-3 揮發性有機化合物之特性..……..……..……..……..……..….. 2-14
2-3-1 固定源VOCs排放特性..……..……..……..…………… 2-18
2-3-2 移動源VOCs排放特性..……..……..…………..……… 2-20
2-4 高屏地區近年濃度變化趨勢..……..….....……..……..………. 2-21
2-4-1 高屏地區PSI之變化趨勢..……..…...……..……..…….. 2-21
2-4-2 高屏地區臭氧濃度分佈情形..……..……..…………….. 2-23
2-5 高空臭氧分佈特性..……..……..……..……..……..……..…… 2-25
2-6 氣象條件對空氣污染物之影響..……..…….....…..……..……. 2-28
2-6-1 混合層高度..……..……..……..……..……..…………… 2-28
2-6-2 海陸風環流..……..……..……..……..……..……..…..… 2-29
第三章 研究方法..……..……..……..……..……..……..……..………. 3-1
3-1 高屏地區空氣品質監測資料分析..……..…....……..……..….. 3-1
3-2 陸域及海域臭氧及氮氧化物採樣規劃..…………..……..…… 3-1
3-2-1 第一階段採樣規劃……………………………..……….. 3-2
3-2-2 第二階段採樣規劃……………………..……………….. 3-3
3-3 臭氧及氮氧化物監測原理、方法與分析設備...……………… 3-6
3-3-1 臭氧監測原理、方法與分析設備……...…...………….. 3-6
3-3-2 氮氧化物監測原理、方法與分析設備…...…………….. 3-6
3-4 揮發性有機物分析原理、方法與分析設備…..……………… 3-8
3-5 垂直剖面採樣原理、方法與設備……………..……………… 3-14
3-6 品保與品管(QA/QC).………………………….……………… 3-18
3-6-1 臭氧及氮氧化物分析儀器校正及檢查………………… 3-18
3-6-2 船舶監測模擬測試………………………..…………….. 3-20
3-6-3 定時採樣泵空白測試…………………..……………….. 3-22
3-6-4 鐵氟龍採樣袋空白測試…………………..…………….. 3-22
3-7 污染物擴散解析及相關性分析……..………………………… 3-23
3-7-1 等濃度分佈(Concentration Contour) …..……………….. 3-23
3-7-2 逆軌跡分析(Backward Trajectory) ….……….…………. 3-23
3-7-3 相關性分析(Correlation Analysis) ………..……………. 3-24
3-7-4 最大增量分析(MIR) ………..…………………………... 3-25
3-7-5 臭氧生成潛勢分析(OFP) ……..………………………... 3-27
第四章 結果與討論……..……………………………………………… 4-1
4-1 採樣期間高屏地區風場變化分析…………………………….. 4-1
4-2 臭氧、氮氧化物及揮發性有機物濃度採樣與結果探討…….. 4-10
4-2-1 垂直剖面臭氧濃度採樣與分析結果探討……………… 4-11
4-2-2 垂直剖面氮氧化物濃度採樣與分析結果探討………… 4-30
4-2-3 揮發性有機物垂直剖面……………………………….... 4-53
4-2-4 海陸域臭氧濃度採樣與分析結果探討…………..…….. 4-61
4-2-5 海陸域氮氧化物濃度採樣與分析結果探討…………… 4-64
4-2-6 海陸域揮發性有機物採樣結果探討…………..……….. 4-66
4-3 垂直剖面臭氧與氮氧化物滴定效應相關性探討…………….. 4-68
4-3-1 地面O3與NOX滴定效應相關性分析……………..…... 4-68
4-3-2 高空O3與NOX滴定效應相關性分析….……………… 4-73
4-4 揮發性有機物臭氧生成潛勢分析…………………………….. 4-100
4-4-1 不同期間各主要揮發性有機物之結果分析………….... 4-101
4-4-2 BTEX濃度分析…………………………………………. 4-104
4-4-3 間、對二甲苯/乙苯(m,p-Xylene/Ethylbenzene)比值…... 4-106
4-4-4 污染氣團傳輸路徑..…………………………………….. 4-108
4-4-5 臭氧生成潛勢分析(OFP)..……………………..……….. 4-111
4-5 不同高層臭氧前趨物濃度控制之探討……..………………… 4-117
4-5-1 陸域不同高層臭氧前趨物濃度控制..…………..……… 4-117
4-5-2 海域不同高層臭氧前趨物濃度控制..……………..…… 4-120
第五章 結論與建議……………………………………………………. 5-1
5-1 結論..…..……………………………………………………….. 5-1
5-2 建議…………………………………………………………….. 5-3
參考文獻..……………………………………………………………….. R-1
附錄A VOCs原始數據……………………………………………….. A-1
附錄B 不同風場期間TVOCs-C2平均濃度…………………………. B-1
附錄C 不同風場期間TVOCs-C2臭氧生成潛勢量…………………. C-1

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