摘 要

本文主要是以實驗方法探討衝擊冷卻(impingement cooling)，以水和空氣噴流，衝擊在加熱的通道內平板，並加上橫風（crossflow）、曲面、旋轉及粗糙面等效應，來觀察其流場結構及熱傳現象。實驗主要參數為：噴嘴和衝擊面之距離z/d=5~11.4，雷諾數Rej=6500~26000，曲面半徑比(R/d)=150~∞，旋轉雷諾數ReΩ=0〜112000，橫風比M=0~2，壁邊熱通量為1430~12890W/m2。
實驗結果發現通道內具有衝擊冷卻效果，且雷諾數愈大，熱傳有增強趨勢，噴嘴與衝擊面之距離z/d為8.3時效果最佳。旋轉會產生離心力及科氏力，如果噴流方向與旋轉方向相同，通道旋轉將使噴流方向傾斜且偏離衝擊面（impingement surface），因而降低衝擊冷卻效果，若噴流方向與旋轉方向垂直，旋轉將有助噴流速度及正面衝擊作用，將使熱傳增強。此外粗糙面有增強流場擾動效果，當雷諾數為26000時，旋轉粗糙面比平滑面之紐塞數比值大約增強22%。至於內凹曲面之熱傳效應，發現在停滯點沒有明顯改變，但是下游壁流區因離心力加強流體與壁面之作用力，則有增強熱傳效果，另外橫風作用也會使得噴流傾斜，當橫風比M=2，平均紐塞數大約降低48%。於各種參數相同情況下，以水當冷卻流體熱傳紐塞數約空氣的4.2倍。
觀察流場量測邊界層厚度，得到層流發展為紊流之關係式，及局部區域之平均熱傳係數與各種參數變化之關係式。以期對燃氣輪機葉片的衝擊冷卻系統能夠有個整體認識，並提供合理的實驗數據，盼藉此做為葉片通道內衝擊冷卻的學理依據，並提昇我們對燃氣輪機葉片設計能力，期望在工業實際應用上有所助益。

Abstract

The influence of rotating and cross flow effect on local heat transfer coefficient and flow visualization for a single confined air/water jet with jet-to-wall spacing from 5 to 11.4, jet Reynolds number from 6500 to 26000, rotational Reynolds number from 0 to 112000, curvature ratio from 150 to , ratio of crossflow massflux to jet mass flux from 0 to 2, and the heat flux from 1430 to 12890W/m2 were reported.
The local heat transfer coefficient for air/water along the surface is measured and the effect of the rotation, the jet-to-wall spacing, the surface curvature, local and average Nusselt number, are presented and discussed. Furthermore, flow visualization was made in the present study. Based on the experimental result, it is found that the rotation will induce the centrifugal and coriolis force. It also shows that the heat transfer response will be decreased when the impinging direction parallel to the rotating direction, and increased when impinging direction perpendicular to the rotating direction. Crossflow effect will make Nusselt number decrease to 48% when M=2. Moreover, the roughen surface will increase the heat transfer coefficient up to 22% due to the secondary flow. The flow visualization is used to observe the transition of laminar to turbulence flow and to calculate the boundary layer thickness.

目 錄
頁次
目錄 i
圖目錄 iv
表目錄 viii
符號說明 ix
論文摘要(中文) xiii
論文摘要(英文) xv

第一章 緒論
1-1 前言 1
1-2 背景與目的 2
1-3 文獻回顧 4
1-4 研究範圍 22

第二章 實驗設備 27
2-1 水噴流流場觀察與測量設備 27
2-2 測試區 28
2-3 流場觀察及照相 29
2-4 高壓空氣供應及壓力、流量控制系 30
2-5 溫度量測系統 31
2-6 旋轉及測試系統 32
2-7 橫風空氣供應及壓力、流量控制系統 33
2-8 衝擊面加熱及控制系統 33

第三章 實驗量測方法及步驟 45
3-1 實驗量測方法 45
3-1-1 水噴流之壁流區液面高度量測 45
3-1-2 流量量測 45
3-1-3 溫度量測 47
3-2 實驗步驟 48

第四章 實驗數據處理 54
4-1 熱傳係數 54
4-2 質量流率 56

第五章 結果與討論 57
5-1 水噴流流場觀測及熱傳性能分析 58
5-1-1 水力跳躍點（hydraulic jump point） 62
5-1-2 邊界層厚度 65
5-1-3 壁噴流平均速度 66
5-1-4 水噴流熱傳性能分析 67
5-2 空氣噴流流場觀察及熱傳性能分析 71
5-2-1 空氣噴流流場觀察分析 71
5-2-2 靜止平板空氣噴流熱傳效應分析 74
5-3 旋轉通道及空氣噴流熱傳效應分析 88
5-4 曲面通道之衝擊冷卻，曲率、粗糙面、旋轉及橫風
對衝擊熱傳導之影響 102
5-4-1 曲面效應及旋轉所造成熱傳影響 102
5-4-2 粗糙面對通道衝擊冷卻熱傳影響 105
5-4-3 橫風對通道衝擊冷卻熱傳導之影響 106

第六章 結論與建議 146
參考文獻 155
附錄：誤差分析 172







圖 目 錄
頁次
圖1.1 氣輪機葉片及冷卻通道示意圖 25
圖1.2 氣輪機葉片 26
圖2.1 水噴流實驗設備圖 35
圖2.2 平直面測試區詳細圖 36
圖2.3 平直面測試區照片（R/d=∞） 37
圖2.4 曲面測試區詳細圖 38
圖2.5 曲面測試區照片（R/d=150） 39
圖2.6 流場觀察照相設備圖 40
圖2.7 靜止通道衝擊冷卻實驗設備安裝圖 41
圖2.8 旋轉設備與控制系統 42
圖2.9 旋轉設備與控制系統照片 43
圖2.10 曲面測試區噴流與橫風控制及旋轉安裝圖 44
圖3.1 照相觀察流程圖 52
圖3.2 溫度量測流程圖 53
圖5.1 水噴流流場結構照片 （z/d=5） 110
圖5.2 水噴流流場結構照片 （z/d=10） 111
圖5.3 水噴流流場結構分析圖 112

圖5.4 流量及雷諾數變化對跳躍距離之影響 113
圖5.5 改變雷諾數對邊界層厚度之影響 114
圖5.6 於x/d=5 時之邊界層厚度與雷諾數及噴嘴高度之
關係圖 115
圖5.7 改變雷諾數對壁噴流平均速度之影響 116
圖5.8 改變雷諾數與噴嘴高度對局部區域紐塞數之影響 117
圖5.9 改變雷諾數與噴嘴高度對局部區域紐塞數之影響
並與先前學者比較 118
圖5.10 改變噴嘴高度z/d 對停滯點紐塞數之影響並與先
前學者相比較 119
圖5.11 空氣噴流流場結構照片，雷諾數Rej=13000 120
圖5.12 空氣噴流流場結構分析示意圖 121
圖5.13 改變噴嘴高度(z/d )對停滯點紐塞數之影響 122
圖5.14 改變噴嘴高度及壁邊熱通量對停滯點紐塞數之影響 123
圖5.15 停滯點紐塞數Nuo, 與雷諾數Rej 及噴嘴高度 z/d
之關係式； 6500≦Rej≦26000 124
圖5.16 改變通道面熱流量對局部區域紐塞數之影響
z/d=5, 6.67, 8.33, and 10,Rej=26000 125
圖5.17 改變雷諾數對局部區域紐塞數之影響
z/d=5, 6.67, 8.33, and 10 126
圖5.18 雷諾數與局部區域紐塞數之關係與先前學者相比較. 127
圖5.19 平均紐塞數與雷諾數之關係式 128
圖5.20 平均紐塞數與雷諾數之關係式與量測值與之比較 129
圖5.21 旋轉雷諾數對局部區域紐塞數之影響，Rej=6500 130
圖5.22 旋轉雷諾數對局部區域紐塞數之影響，Rej=26000 131
圖5.23 雷諾數及旋轉雷諾數對峰尖之之偏移量關式 132
圖5.24 旋轉平直通道內噴流之速度與力分析圖 133
圖5.25 雷諾數及旋轉雷諾數之變化對停滯點紐塞數及平均
紐塞數之影響 134
圖5.26 雷諾數及旋轉雷諾數之變化對停滯點紐塞數及平均
紐塞數之影響 135
圖5.27 旋轉通道與靜止通道紐塞數之比較 136
圖5.28 平均紐塞數與雷諾數及旋轉雷諾數之關係式
(a)順風方向(b)迎風方向 137
圖5.29 停滯點紐塞數與雷諾數及旋轉雷諾數之關係式 138
圖5.30 旋轉曲面通道內噴流之速度與力分析圖 139
圖5.31 曲面通道對局部區域紐塞數之影響. 140
圖5.32 橫風與旋轉對局部區域紐塞數之影響 141
圖5.33 粗糙面及橫風對局部區域紐塞數之影響 142
圖5.34 由流場觀察並量測橫風所造成停滯點偏移 143
圖5.35 橫風因素所造成局部紐塞數及峰尖偏移變化與先前
學相者比較 144
圖5.36 橫風所造成平均紐塞數之影響 145

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