藉由使用多方向的預測模式，H.264/AVC畫面內預測能夠有效率地去除空間上冗餘的部份。於本篇論文中，已經設計另一嶄新的畫面內預測方法，透過該方法我們將會得到更好的編碼效率。於所提出的方法中我們分別從兩方面去改進畫面內預測，首先我們以預測模式之方向為考量同時把預測值與預測參考像素點之間的距離納入考慮，進而提出方向及距離導向之預測方法。其次，投射曲線集合之錯誤更正方法(POCS)是藉由周圍已編碼且重建的區塊以不斷地執行適應性濾波的方式達到損毀區塊之修復，因此我們根據此概念進而將POCS應用於畫面內預測。最後配合應用投射曲線集合之錯誤更正方法與方向及距離導向之畫面內預測，我們將得到更精確的預測，而由實驗結果顯示，透過本篇論文所提出的方法我們已經達到平均0.75%的降低位元率(bit-rate reduction)與0.119dB PSNR增益改善(PSNR gain improved)。

H.264/AVC intra prediction method is an efficient tool to reduce spatial redundancies by using multidirectional spatial prediction modes. In this paper, a novel intra prediction method is designed to improve coding efficiency. Firstly, we propose a direction-distance oriented prediction which considers the distance between the predict value and the reference samples according to the direction of the prediction modes. Secondly, we apply the concept of image restoration by using the projections onto convex sets (POCS) to intra prediction which uses adaptively filtering based on the surrounding reconstructed pixel to predict blocks. The experimental results show that the average bit-rate reduction of 0.75% and PSNR gain improved of 0.119dB are achieved.

中文摘要 I
英文摘要 II
誌謝 III
目錄 IV
圖表目錄 VI

第一章 緒論 1
1.1 研究背景 1
1.2 H.264/AVC關鍵技術之簡介 2
1.3 研究動機 4
1.4 論文章節提要 4

第二章 畫面內預測介紹與文獻探討 5
2.1 畫面內預測(Intra-Frame Prediction) 5
2.1.1 4× 4 亮度(luminance)預測模式5
2.1.2 16×16亮度8×8 彩度(chrominance)預測模式10
2.1.3 畫面內預測之信號法(signaling) 10
2.1.4 畫面間預測(Inter-Frame Prediction) 12
2.1.5 轉換、量化與熵編碼13
2.2 文獻探討15
2.2.1 Weighted Intra Prediction 15
2.2.2 Intra prediction with sub-pixel samples 16
2.2.3 Bidirectional Intra Prediction 17
2.2.4 概念與想法 20

第三章 所提出方法 21
3.1 方向及距離導向(direction-distance oriented)之預測方法 21
3.2 將POCS應用於畫面內預測(Intra-Frame Prediction) 34
3.2.1 Projections onto Convex Sets (POCS)之簡介 34
3.2.2 應用POCS 進行畫面內預測36
3.2.2.1 合併區塊與區塊分類器36
3.2.2.2 投影運算子P1 、P2 39
3.2.2.3 投影運算子之實際運用41

第四章 實驗結果與討論 44
4.1 方向及距離導向(direction-distance oriented)之預測方法 44
4.2 將POCS應用於畫面內預測(Intra-Frame Prediction) 47

第五章 結論與未來展望 50

參考文獻 51

[1] “Draft ITU-T recommendation and final draft international standard of joint video specification (ITU-T Rec. H.264/ISO/IEC 14 496-10 AVC,” in Joint Video Team (JVT) of ISO/IEC MPEG and ITU-T VCEG, JVTG050, 2003.
[2] ITU-T Recommendation H.262 and ISO/IEC 13818-2, Information Technology - Generic Coding of Moving Pictures and Associated Audio Information: Video, Feb. 2000.
[3] ITU-T Recommendation H.263, Video Coding for low bit rate communication, Jan. 2005.
[4] ISO/IEC 14496-2, Information Technology - Coding of Audio-Visual Objects Part 2: Visual, Dec. 2001.
[5] Iain E. G. Richardson, H.264 and MPEG-4 Video Compression Video Coding for Next-generation Multimedia. Wiley, 2003.
[6] D. Marpe, V. George, H. L. Cycon, and K. U. Barthel, “Performance evaluation of Motion-JPEG2000 in comparison with H.264/AVC operated in pure intra coding mode,” in Wavelet Applications in Industrial Processing, vol. 5266 of Proceedings of SPIE, pp. 129–137, Providence, RI, USA, October 2003.
[7] A. Al, B. P. Rao, S. S. Kudva, S. Babu, D. Sumam, and A. V. Rao,“Quality and complexity comparison of H.264 intra mode with JPEG2000 and JPEG,” in Proceedings of the International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP ’04), vol. 1, pp. 525–528, Singapore, October 2004.
[8] Shohei Matsuo, et al, “Weighted Intr Prediction,” ITU-T Q.6/SG16 VCEG, VCEG-AG18, October 2007.
[9] Joon-Young Park, et al, “Intra prediction with subpel samples,” ITU-T Q.6/SG16 VCEG, VCEG-AG09, October 2007.
[10] Taichiro Shiodera, et al, “Bidirectional Intra Prediction,” ITU-T Q.6/SG16 VCEG, VCEG-AE14, January 2007.
[11] Yan Ye and Karczewicz, M, “Improved h.264 intra coding based on bi-directional intra prediction, directional transform, and adaptive coefficient scanning,” Image Processing, 2008. ICIP 2008. 15th IEEE International Conference on.
[12] Masashi Takahashi, et al, “Improved intra prediction method,” ITU-T Q.6/SG16 VCEG, VCEG-AG07, October 2007.
[13] Tomonobu Yoshino, et al, “An extended intra prediction scheme based on frequency component representation,” ITU-T Q.6/SG16 VCEG, VCEG-AG06, October 2007.
[14] Yao Wang and Qin-Fan Zhu, “Error control and concealment for video communication: a review,” Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 86, no. 5, MAY 1998.
[15] Huifang Sun and Wilson Kwok, “Concealment of damaged block transform coded images using projections onto convex sets,” Image Processing, IEEE Transactions on, April 1995.
[16] JM 11.0_KTA2.0, http://iphome.hhi.de/suehring/tml/.
[17] T.K Tan et al., ”Recommended Simulation Common Conditions for Coding Efficiency Experiments,” ITU-T Q.6/SG16 31st VCEG Meeting, Marrakech, Morocco, Jan. 2007, Doc. VCEG-AE10.
[18] Gisle Bjontegarrd, ”Calculation of Average PSNR Differences between RD curves,” ITU-T SC16/Q6, 13th VCEG Meeting, Austin, Texas, USA, Apr. 2001, Doc. VCEG-M33.