本篇研究使用修飾有聚山梨醇酯40（Polysorbate 40）之金奈米粒子（Gold nanoparticles, AuNPs），藉由其特殊光學性質，開發簡單且選擇性對氰化物（Cyanide）及內源性生物氰化物（Endogenous biological cyanide）偵測之奈米感測器。中性的界面活性劑聚山梨醇酯40分子藉由親水端包覆於AuNPs表面，使其穩定分散的存在高鹽類溶液中。當溶液有氰化物時，會與AuNPs作用生成AuCN(s)固體沉積於AuNPs表面，以及形成Au(CN)2-錯合物將AuNPs侵蝕溶解至溶液中。當AuNPs被氰化物侵蝕後，表面的聚山梨醇酯40分子會由AuNPs表面脫附，使AuNPs裸露於高鹽類環境下，導致AuNPs表面電荷被中和發生聚集的現象。研究中分別藉由表面輔助雷射脫附-飛行時間質譜儀（SALDI-TOF-MS）及感應耦合電漿質譜儀（ICP-MS）證明有AuCN(s)在AuNPs的表面生成與Au(CN)2-溶解於溶液中。
一、開發聚山梨醇酯40修飾之金奈米粒子以比色法偵測水樣中氰化物及生氰性醣苷：本篇在開發修飾有聚山梨醇酯40之金奈米粒子，於勻相且高鹽類環境下對溶液中的氰化物以及生氰性醣苷（Cyanogenic glycoside）進行選擇性偵測。在水樣中氰化物的偵測線性範圍為500—2500 nM最低偵測濃度（Minimum Detecatable Concentration, MDC）為500 nM，自來水樣品的偵測範圍為750—2500 nM最低偵測濃度為500 nM此偵測靈敏度以低於WHO所制定的飲用水中氰化物限制的最高濃度，亞麻苦苷（Linamarin）酸水解後的溶液偵測範圍為2—10 μM偵測最低濃度為1 μM。由於氰化氫的沸點為25.6℃，可藉由加熱的方式觀察奈米粒子由聚集至分散的程度，應用在監測食物中氰化物的移除率，最後我們在樹薯中以標準添加的方式對其內含的亞麻苦苷進行定量分析。
二、聚山梨醇酯40之金奈米粒子以比色法監控蔬果內生氰性醣苷之半抑制/解毒濃度及定量分析：本篇研究延續前篇的分析方法，修飾聚山梨醇酯40之AuNPs，在含有氰化物的溶液中因AuNPs表面受到侵蝕，使界面活性劑脫附導致AuNPs表面電荷中和產生聚集的現象，將此奈米感測器應用於計算兩種不同官能基之生氰醣苷—杏仁苦苷 （Amygdalin）及亞麻苦苷的酸水解效率，並且對多種蔬果內的生氰性醣苷進行定量分析、監控加熱時間對氰化物的移除率。當氰化物之解毒劑分子—硫代硫酸鈉（Sodium thiosulfate）及維他命B12a（Vitamin B12a）與氰化物反應後，其不具毒性的產物硫氰酸鹽（Thiocyanate）及維他命B12（Vitamin B12）不會和AuNPs作用，藉此能夠抑制AuNPs聚集現象，在高鹽類環境中維持分散狀態。隨解毒劑分子加入的濃度越高氰化物被反應的量越多，AuNPs特徵吸收峰會由一開始聚集的650 nm藍位移至分散的520 nm。硫代硫酸鈉與維他命B12a和10 μM的氰化物作用後，半抑制/解毒濃度（IC50）分別為1.04 μM及 2.15 μM。在酸水解的環境中硫代硫酸鈉對氰化物的選擇性優於維他命B12a，不會受到水解基質的影響，硫代硫酸鈉對兩種濃度10 μM生氰醣苷的IC50分別為杏仁苦苷—1.06 μM、亞麻苦苷—1.82 μM。最後將硫代硫酸鈉對本系統解毒的效果應用於測定蔬果內生氰性醣苷之半解毒濃度。

1. Colorimetric Assay for Cyanide and Cyanogenic Glycoside Using Polysorbate 40-Stabilized Gold Nanoparticles.
This study described a simple and homogeneous method for the selective and sensitive detection of cyanide and endogenous biological cyanide using polysorbate 40-stabilized gold nanoparticles (PS 40-AuNPs). Neutral PS 40 molecules enable citrate-capped AuNPs to stabilize in a high-salinity solution. The addition of cyanide to a solution of PS 40-AuNPs resulted in the formation of AuCN(s) on the NP surface and Au(CN)2– in an aqueous solution. The removal of PS 40 molecules from the NP surface rendered the AuNPs unstable in a high-salinity solution, leading to NP aggregation. The formation of AuCN(s) and Au(CN)2– was demonstrated by means of surface-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy, respectively. PS 40-AuNPs were capable of selectively detecting cyanide at concentrations as low as 500 nM. Additionally, the minimum detectable concentration of linamarin (cyanogenic glycoside) was measured to be 1 uM using PS 40-AuNPs. This probe was successfully applied to the determination of cyanide in tap water, the monitor of cyanide removal during food processing, and the quantification of linamarin in cassava root.

2. Colorimetric detoxification and monitored cyanogenic glycoside in plants/fruit using polysorbate 40-stabilized gold nanoparticles.
Developing rapid, highly sensitive, and selective detection/inhibition of cyanide/cyanogenic glycoside from plants and foods is extremely essential for human life safety. Here we report a strategy for the colormetric visualization of cyanogenic glycoside using polysorbate 40 stabilized gold nanoparticle (PS 40-AuNPs). Two cyanogenic glycosides (amygdalin and linamarin) were chosen to determine the efficiency of acid hydrolysis. According to US Department and Health and Human Services standard cyanide antidote kit, sodium thiosulfate and hydroxocobalamin (vitamin B12a) seems to be an appropriate antidote for treatment cyanide poisoning victims. The addition of thiosulfate/vitamin B12a to a solution of cyanide/cyanogenic glycosides resulted in the formation of thiocyanate/vitamin B12 in an aqueous solution, which couldn’t etch PS 40-AuNPs and inhibit the aggregation of PS 40-AuNPs in a high-salt solution. The inhibition/detoxification efficiency (IC50) of thiosulfate and vitamin B12a were studied for treatment of cyanide and hydrolyzed cyanogenic glycoside. This probe was also used to monitor the removal of cyanide, estimated the concentration of cyanide and detoxification of cyanide by thiosulfate in plants/fruit sample.

目錄
中文摘要 i
英文摘要 iii
目錄 v
圖表目錄 vii
縮寫表 ix
第一章 開發聚山梨醇酯40修飾之金奈米粒子以比色法偵測水樣中氰化物及生氰性醣苷
一、 前言 1
二、 實驗步驟 6
2.1 藥品及樣品製備 6
2.2 儀器裝置 8
2.3 金奈米粒子之合成 10
2.4 奈米粒子之特徵 10
2.5 樣品製備 11
2.6 真實樣品分析 12
三、 結果與討論 13
3.1 感測機制 13
3.2 證明AuCN(s)及Au(CN)2–生成 17
3.3 PS 40-AuNPs選擇性探討 19
3.4 PS 40-AuNPs靈敏度探討及水樣真實樣品的應用 21
3.5 PS 40-AuNPs應用於偵測樹薯樣品內亞麻苦苷 30
四、 結論 33
五、 參考文獻 34
第二章 聚山梨醇酯40之金奈米粒子以比色法監控蔬果內生氰性醣苷之半抑制/解毒濃度及定量分析
一、 前言 41
二、 實驗步驟 48
2.1 藥品及樣品製備 48
2.2 儀器裝置 50
2.3 金奈米粒子之合成 51
2.4 酸水解生氰性醣苷步驟 51
2.5 奈米粒子之特徵 52
2.6 樣品製備 53
2.7 真實樣品分析 54
三、 結果與討論 56
3.1 感測機制 56
3.2 證明AuCN(s)及Au(CN)2–生成 58
3.3 探討酸水解生氰性醣苷的水解效率 60
3.4 硫代硫酸鈉及維他命B12a對氰化物及生氰性醣苷解毒效率探討 63
3.5 監控蔬果真實樣品的移除率、定量分析及解毒效率 68
四、 結論 76
五、 參考文獻 77

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第二章
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