到目前為止，學界對於「地方民主」的界定並沒有一套約定成俗、普遍可接受的定義和想法。因此，該研究課題亦面臨概念廓清的問題。尤其，英國地方政府有一顯而易見的特質，亦即民主在理念和實踐層次上的分歧。所以，如何將在抽象概念層次探討與琢磨的「地方民主」落實到眼前實際的問題上，亦為一項挑戰。
本文試圖結合新制度主義分支中的「歷史制度途徑」來審視英國早、晚期地方民主發展概況，並以「有限民主」為主軸來貫穿全文。有鑑於英國地方政治層級複雜，因此將本研究範圍限定在英格蘭。本文採用個案研究、歷史文獻分析的研究方法：首先將整個歷史分期分為六個階段，對每個階段出現的政治制度、行為者、歷史事件作精簡扼要的解析；其後綜觀英國整個地方制度的沿革所依循的路徑及軌跡，而該闡釋該發展軌跡與選民態度變化之間的關係。
研究結果發現：「地方民主」對於英國政府而言，雖然是一個新創的名詞，但不應是一個全新的概念；「地方民主」不必然等同於地方自治，但「地方民主」與地方自治政府在某種程度上存在著相互依賴的關係；英國「地方民主」的發展軌跡似乎隱含著從地方主義（localism）漸進過渡到經濟效率模式的傾向；從英國近年來地方選舉的低投票率來看，某種程度的政治冷默似乎已成為常態，這似乎不利於「地方民主」的落實，但這表面上看起來不合理的現象一定不好嗎？依本文的理解，英國選民在某種程度上已經內化到整個地方政治制度當中，所以在整個地方體制的侷限之下，其所扮演的主要是「最大滿意者」的角色，除非有其他攸關民生福利的重大議題或事件發生。換言之，本文認為必須從反向思考的方式來透視英國地方民主之實際運作，才能瞭解它的積極意義。

There isn’t any clear definition on the discussion of Local Democracy. There are some similar concepts that are easily confused with us, such as local government, local autonomy, localism, and local democracy…etc. Therefore, it’s necessary to clear and find out the relationship among them. In addition, the dichotomy of democracy in the UK polity is particularly conspicuous in relation to local government. Consequently, The challenge is that how we apply the theories to the reality.
I will use the approach of historical institutionalism to illustrate the development of UK local democracy. Meanwhile, it’s reasonable to base a normative theory of local government or local democracy on the concept of ‘limited democracy.’ In the light of the complexity of local government levels, I will focus my study on England. Case study and document analysis will be the research method of this essay. The process of history should be included six stages. I will make a brief analysis on the institution, actors, and events of each stage. After that, I will synthesize the path and its relationship with the change of voters’ attitudes.
The research results included: As for UK polity, although local democracy is the catch phrase of New Labour’s programme for local government, it should not be an unfamiliar concept. The concept of local democracy doesn’t necessarily equate to local autonomy; to some extent, the interdependence between them cannot be ignored. The path of UK local democracy tends to step from the theoretical model of localism to economy and efficiency. When we observe the low turnout of UK local election recent years, the voters’ apathy has been a social normal phenomenon. The reality seems to undermine the immutable and sacrosanct place for democracy in the institutions of local government. However, are the things ostensibly unreasonable really bad? From the enlightenment of the approach of historical institutionalism, the voters have been incorporated into UK polity. Under the constraint of UK polity, they play the role of ‘maximizing satisfiers’, unless major issues. In a word, if we want to learn from the lesson of UK local democracy, we have to rethink it again and again. And then, we may have an audit of the health of local democracy in Britain

第一章 導論…………..……………………………………………………………1
第一節 研究動機與目的……….……………...…….………………………….1
第二節 研究途徑與方法……..…………………………………………………6
第三節 名詞界定與章節安排……………………………..…………………..13
第二章 文獻回顧與探討…………………………………………………...…. 21
第一節 地方自治或民主理論………………………………………………....23
第二節 地方民主的三段論……………………………………………………33
第三節 英國地方自治之傳統…………………………………………………37
第三章 英國地方民主溯源……………………………………….…………...43
第一節 有限民主的形成……..……………..…..……………………………..44
第二節 有限民主的轉型……………....………………………………………47
第三節 有限民主的擴張與鞏固……………………………………………....49
第四章 英國地方政治變革之分析…….…………………………………….57
第一節 有限民主的挑戰……..………………………………………………..57
第二節 有限民主的調整……………………………………………………....62
第三節 有限民主的貫徹……………………………………………………....81
第五章 結論與建議……………....…………………………………………..…91
第一節 研究結論………………………………………………………………91
第二節 研究限制………………………………………………………………97
第三節 檢討與建議……….…………………………………………………...98

參考文獻………………………………………………………………………….103
中文書目……………………………………………………………………103
英文書目…………………………………………………………………....108
報紙及網站資料……………………………………………………………119

附錄……...…………………………………………………………………………120
一、英國地方政黨分布網絡圖……………………………………………….120
二、英國選民宣稱所曾經從事過與政治有關的活動…………………….….122
三、英國一九七八~二○○二年地方29個選區之投票率概況……………...123
四、英國二○○○和二○○二年英格蘭等地方舉行市長直選之結果…….125

表 目 錄

表4-2-1 英國1964-98年就選民選舉政治信念的社會態度調查…….78
表4-2-2 英國1983-98年選民對中央控制地方議會的意見………….80
表4-2-3 英國1984-98年民眾對地方稅收應該由誰決定的意見調查.80
表4-3-1 英國針對選民對週末投票和星期四投票的態度調查……...86
表4-3-2 英國針對選民對經由郵政投票和投票站投票的態度調查...87
表4-3-3 英國針對投票者和不投票者之間對新創議改革反應之態度調查…………………………………………………………..87
表4-3-4 英國針對選民在新制度安排下投票可能性之態度調查…...88
表4-3-5英國針對選民宣稱會去投票與不會去投票的反應之態度調查……………………………………………………………..88
表4-3-6 英國針對不同年齡階層投票反應的態度調查……………...89

圖 目 錄

圖3-3-1十九世紀晚期英格蘭和威爾斯的地方政府結構……………55
圖4-2-1一九七九~九八年英國地方政府政黨控制折線圖…………..68

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（C）報紙及網站資料

許倬雲，「從對伊戰爭論美民主政治的缺失」，中國時報，2003.4.7。
江靜玲，「倫敦市長直選投票，獨立參選李文斯東勝算高」，中國時報，2000.5.5。
林全，「財劃法修正案－中央、地方面臨雙輸」，中國時報，2002.2.5。
瞿海源，「民主的逆流」，中國時報，2003.8.3。
西敏寺國會市議會網站http://www.westminster.gov.uk/yourcouncil/localelections/
英國蘇塞克斯大學網頁http:// www.sussex.ac.uk/Units/USSU/cssa/livingst.htm
英國資料檔案庫網站http://www.data-archive.ac.uk