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博碩士論文 etd-0827110-013237 詳細資訊
Title page for etd-0827110-013237
論文名稱
Title
琳達•荷根小說《鯨族人》中的歷史、創傷與療癒
History, Trauma and Healing in Linda Hogan’s People of the Whale
系所名稱
Department
畢業學年期
Year, semester
語文別
Language
學位類別
Degree
頁數
Number of pages
102
研究生
Author
指導教授
Advisor
召集委員
Convenor
口試委員
Advisory Committee
口試日期
Date of Exam
2010-07-26
繳交日期
Date of Submission
2010-08-27
關鍵字
Keywords
《鯨族人》、身體語言、創傷、記憶、歷史、療癒、琳達•荷根
history, body language, memory, healing, trauma, Linda Hogan, People of the Whale
統計
Statistics
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中文摘要
本論文旨在探討琳達•荷根最新力作《鯨族人》中的歷史、創傷與療癒。筆者論證美洲原住民文化中的疾病絕非僅止於身體的一項病徵,而是部落遭受殖民迫害的創傷展演以及人與自然疏離的隱喻。荷根以沉澱體內之「身體語言」的失去與復得為喻,呈現出原住民被迫噤聲的歷史、記憶與故事。荷根筆下的身體,實際上提供了一個抵殖民的場域及反全球化的發聲能量。論文分為五章。首章為導論。第二章剖析何以長久賴鯨魚維生的馬卡族人(The Makahs),淪為逐漸放棄文化、傳統與土地的弱勢族群。本章以一九九九年的捕鯨事件為引,追溯至白人政府長期的殖民暴力,而迄今猶在的歐美帝國霸權與文化優越感使得馬卡人面臨部族存亡絕續之危機。第三章著眼於主角湯瑪斯參與越戰之後的病症。藉由狄雪圖(de Certeau)的身體政治結盟與岡艾倫(Gunn Allen)部落病源學的論點,對照小說中並置的病體:湯瑪斯之禁閉畏縮、部落價值觀之移轉與大地之旱實則密切相連。湯瑪斯無聲的身體,是被壓迫及被消音的歷史縮影;他的無語,亦反映原住民始終在白人社會喪失發言權。表面上看似的「戰爭疲乏症」,其實象徵著人及自然的病態關係。第四章以湯瑪斯的療癒之旅為例,重探人、部落和自然的緊密連結。誠如莫馬戴(Momaday)所言,原住民體內,除了一脈相承的血液外,尚存在故事與記憶。疾病的根源乃導因於族人對記憶的忘卻。本章探究小說中身體感官經驗與身體技法如何作為觸媒,開啟湯瑪斯記憶的窗,蟄伏在湯瑪斯身體血液中的故事、記憶逐一被召喚出來。在旅程中,湯瑪斯對部落傳統的重拾、對過去的再認知、對自然的再體現,便以他重新獲得的「身體語言」為表徵。第五章為結論,重申荷根在《鯨族人》一書中,藉由「身體語言」形塑一份抗衡殖民條約及政策宰制的無形力量。湯瑪斯的身體轉化沉默為有聲,化療癒為可能。原住民的生存不應該是無解的死結,主角湯瑪斯在尋回身體聲音的同時,也解開了殖民的枷鎖。書末,藉由合而為一的個人、社群、海洋/土地及鯨魚/行星,荷根不僅謳歌原住民宇宙觀的和諧美好,更展露從地方盱衡寰宇的永續關懷。
Abstract
This thesis seeks to examine history, trauma and healing in Linda Hogan’s People of the Whale. For Native American people, the disease is not conceived of a pure pathology but bears on inscriptions of colonial power and disharmony with Nature. Through the body of the protagonist Thomas, Hogan articulates the Makah’s silenced history and trauma. I argue that Thomas’s body epitomizes the once ill and then healed earth and tribal society.
This thesis proceeds in five chapters. The first chapter is an introduction. Chapter Two, “Violence and Tribal Histories,” sheds light on the historical context of the Northwest Coast Makah people on which Hogan bases her novel People of the Whale. The harsh impacts of colonialism on the Makahs, as Hogan’s collaborative work Sightings with Brenda Peterson reveals, persist to the present. Chapter Three, entitled “Representing Traumatic Experiences,” reads Thomas’s silent body as a site of his tribe’s repressed colonial history. Appropriating notions from Michel de Certeau and Paula Gunn Allen, I ask how Thomas’s individual tortured body conflates with another body, “the altered earth,” to disclose the act of colonial violence. Thomas’s oblivion of ancestral “body language” and ill sense of alienation exemplify his tribe’s collective ill relationship with Nature. Chapter Four, entitled “A Healing Journey,” illustrates how Thomas retrieves the tribal ways to reestablish his relationship with Nature. The tribal ways, stories and memories stored in his body are never lost but simply forgotten. In N. Scott Momaday’s words, it is the “memory in the body” or the “blood memory” that preserves what the white colonizers have erased. For Native American people, this memory enacts healing. Thomas learns to regain the ancestral “body language” and in so doing recovers from his ailment and reconnects himself with his tribe, his past, and the natural world. The bodily experiences function as crucial stimuli to awaken memories buried in his body. Thomas’s retrieval of “body language” is an articulation of his tribe’s long-silenced voice. Chapter Five, the conclusion, recapitulates the main themes of this thesis and their import. Utilizing a mythical ending of Thomas’s afterlife living in the tribe and then underneath the ocean—a symbol of “great being”—Hogan shapes a “universal” and “communal body” as a powerful challenge to resist against globalization and the colonial project. People of the Whale is an anchor text in which Hogan envisions a will and a hope that Native American values will emerge and prevail.
目次 Table of Contents
Chapter One: Introduction 1

Chapter Two: Violence and Tribal Histories 14

Chapter Three: Representing Traumatic Experiences 38

Chapter Four: A Healing Journey 57

Chapter Five: Conclusion 78

Works Cited 85
Appendix 91
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