由於加油站及大型儲油槽的管線設備皆設置於地下，隨設備老舊、地震、施工不良或其他人為因素，洩漏機會隨之增加且油品經地下水的流動及傳導逐漸擴大油品污染範圍至下游處，嚴重影響附近環境及居民使用之地下水水質。本研究利用監測式自然衰減(monitored natural attenuation, MNA)整治受石油碳氫化合物污染之地下水，監測期間共進行5次採樣，利用採樣分析所得結果，評估場區地下水環境中石油碳氫化合物污染團濃度變化及其分布情形，分析結果得知：(1)石油碳氫化合物濃度由污染源沿地下水流向下游地區逐漸減少，且由橫向監測井濃度分析得知，污染團寬度並無明顯延伸，顯見污染團控制於場區內；(2)利用Mann-Kendall test分析石油碳氫化合物之濃度趨勢，結果顯示4口監測井CT-4、CT-41、CT-42及CT-7之S值分別為-0.5223、-1.5667、-0.5223及-1.2247，其值皆小於0，污染趨勢皆為減少趨勢，推論場區內的污染團呈穩定或衰減狀態；(3)由污染團溶氧的消耗、硝酸鹽的減少、亞鐵離子的產生、硫酸鹽的消耗及二氧化碳與甲烷的生成，證實生物降解作用確實存在於場區中，且地下水之電子接受者及產物對石油碳氫化合物之生物降解容量為46.02 mg/L。此容量高於場址地下水中之污染量(5.4 mg/L)，故自然生物降解機制應可有效去除地下水中之污染物；(4)以1,2,4-trimethylbenzene(1,2,4-TMB)做追蹤劑，計算BTEX一階生物衰減率，其衰減效率由高至低分別為Ethyl-benzene、 m+p-Xylene、Toluene、Benzene及 o-Xylene，其值為1.5×10-3、1.2×10-3、7.0×10-4、6.7×10-4及1.2×10-4；(5)由菌相分析結果得知污染團的介入確實會造成環境中之菌相產生變化。

Contamination of groundwater by petroleum-hydrocarbons is a serious environmental problem. Monitored natural attenuation (MNA) is a passive remedial approach to degrade and dissipate contaminants in groundwater. In this study, a full-scale natural bioremediation investigation was conducted at a gasoline spill site. Results show that the concentrations of major contaminants [benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX)] dropped to below detection limit before they reached the downgradient monitor well. This indicates that natural biodegradation process was the major cause of the contaminant reduction.
In this study, 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene (1,2,4-TMB) was used as tracer to calculate the biological decay rates of BTEX. The calculated biological first-order decay rates for ethylbenzene, m+p-xylene, toluene, benzene, and o-xylene were 1.5×10-3, 1.2×10-3, 7.0×10-4, 6.7×10-4, and 1.2×10-4, respectively. Mann-Kendall test was applied to analyze the trend of contaminant variations. Results show that the S-value of four monitor wells (CT-4, CT-41, CT-42, and CT-7) were -0.52, -1.57, -0.52, and -1.22, respectively. The negative S values reveal that the all contaminants tended to decrease. This indicates that the hydrocarbon plume at this site is not expanding, and has been contained effectively by the natural attenuation mechanisms.
Evidences for the occurrence of natural attenuation include the following: (1) depletion of dissolved oxygen, nitrate, and sulfate; (2) production of dissolved ferrous iron, sulfide, and CO2; (3) decreased BTEX concentrations and BTEX as carbon to TOC ratio along the transport path; (4) increased alkalinity and microbial species; (5) limited spreading of the BTEX plume; and (6) preferential removal of certain BTEX components along the transport path. Results also show that the biodegradation capacity (46.02 mg/L) for BTEX and 1,2,4-TMB was much higher than the detected contaminants within the plume. Results indicate that natural attenuation can effectively contain the plume, and biodegradation processes played an important role on contaminant removal.

謝誌 I
摘要 II
Abstract III
目錄 IV
表目錄 VII
圖目錄 VIII
第一章 前言 1
1.1 研究緣起 1
1.2 研究目的 2
第二章 文獻回顧 3
2.1 地下水油品的污染來源 3
2.1.1 石油碳氫化合物之特性及其危害 3
2.1.2 石油碳氫化合物之管制標準 7
2.2 監測式自然衰減 (monitored natural attenuation, MNA) 8
2.2.1 基本原理 8
2.2.2 自然衰減機制 9
2.2.3 自然衰減優缺點及使用限制 17
2.2.4 自然衰減評估參數介紹 19
第三章 研究方法 20
3.1 場址調查 20
3.1.1 場址背景 20
3.1.2 地下水文 22
3.1.3 地質 23
3.1.4 雨量 24
3.2 現場採樣與樣品分析 25
3.2.1 採樣方法 25
3.2.2 實驗室樣品分析 27
3.3 自然衰減評估 29
3.3.1 污染團趨勢分析 29
3.3.2 Mann-Kendall Test 29
3.3.3 BTEX自然衰減程序中生物降解率計算 31
3.4 菌相鑑定 33
3.4.1 微生物genomic DNA萃取 33
3.4.2 Genomic DNA瓊脂膠體電泳檢視 33
3.4.3 Genomic DNA濃度與純度測定 34
3.4.4 土壤微生物Genomic DNA的萃取及純化 34
3.4.5 聚合酶連鎖反應 (polymerase chain reaction，簡稱 PCR) 35
3.4.6 PCR-16S rDNA片段純化與濃縮 37
3.4.7 變性梯度膠體電泳 38
3.4.8 進行變性梯度膠體電泳 38
3.4.9 SYBR greenⅠ螢光染色 38
第四章 結果與討論 40
4.1 石油碳氫化合物污染團趨勢分析 40
4.2 污染團橫向與縱向濃度變化 44
4.2.1 污染團橫向分布情形 44
4.2.2 污染團縱向分布情形 46
4.3 電子接受者與指標參數分析 54
4.4 BTEX自然衰減程序中生物降解率計算 62
4.5 菌相分析結果 67
第五章 結論與建議 70
5.1 結論 70
5.2 建議 71
參考文獻 72

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